Jurnal 02. indd

The hydrological mapping and methods in Azerbaijan
91
coding raster layers of earth materials from remote sensing. If the case according to 
thesubstance classifi cation of the hydrologicmaps are included in the group thematic 
maps. In turn classifi cation substance of hydrologyc maps can be divided into small 
groups the system of rivers, precipitation, channels and ditches, lakes, springs, reser-
voirs, artifi cial water basins, ocean, sea, and fresh water reserves and others. It has a 
great need for the country economically in the creation of maps in electronic format. 
So on the map precipitation in the basins by placing artifi cial and natural water bodies, 
the amount of data possible evaporation of water can calculate the probability of fl oo-
ding.For this purpose should be done zoning the area and it is oneof the most important 
generalization method. It is known that the land zoning system it is to identify and 
study the relations between the organization and hierarchy process.Each regional data 
are taken division of territory or a separate thematic maps that can be made, based on 
these maps, daily, weekly, annual. Map compilation of previous periods a process that 
requires a lot of effort and time, but with the development of technology in the modern 
world map compilation had the opportunity to remove these restrictions. The inno-
vations in the methods of drawing up maps of the country is currently experiencing 
a period of development. The new software to improve the qualitynecessary for the 
preparation of the information of the map, save large amounts of information is able to 
conduct a survey at any time.
Picture 1. The previous hydrological map of SSDR 
At present in Azerbaijan there is no electronic library or national bank of hyd-
rological data open for everyone, and the existing electronic bases of hydrome-
teorological data of the departments of hydrology and meteorology of the Sta-
te Committee on Ecology and Environmental Control of Azerbaijan are open 
only for offi cial use and they are paid fi gure 3 USD. For this reason the stu-
dents, masters, postgraduate students, persons working for doctor’s up to now 
use the traditional methods for collection and analysis of hydrometeorological

---

Maqsad Gojamanov, Gunay Hasanli
92
information.Taking into account the importance of the national geoinformation crea-
tion system of the Azerbaijan geographical information, of Azerbaijan, in particular 
the hydrometerlogical one we have created geoinformation maps of water resources 
of Azerbaijan, where are refl ected the basic hydrological characteristics in the forms 
maps, diagrams and marks which the students, masters, postgraduate students and ot-
her users can use freely all hydrometeorological data. For creation of geoinformation 
map of indices of water resources of Azerbaijan we at fi rst compiled a digital map of 
river basins and then electronic table of digital hydrological data.
The review hydrological research foreign countries 
As uniform spatial models of the Earth´s surface, maps provide area-wide repre-
sentation of landscape features relevant to the time and purpose of surveying (Rumsey 
and Williams, 2002). Maps involve a defi ned scale and legend (otherwise it is not a 
map). Relying on themap scale, spatially accurate and quantitative analysis is possible. 
Based on the map legend, interpretation is straightforward and unambiguous as long as 
the map is preserved in good condition.
During the early days of cartographic science, with the rapid evolution of geodesy, 
new maps were thought to be inherently better and more accurate than older maps, and 
historic maps were therefore not studied in detail. In the initial stage of historic map 
investigations, differences compared to the current situation were assessed by carto-
metric techniques and regarded as errors (Stegena, 1982;Cholnoky, 1918).
The Hydro Reference Overlay is an out of the box base layer that engineers and 
watershed managers can use in site maps on their desktop, or in web maps on Arc-
GIS Online, or their own custom web mapping applications. The Hydro Reference 
Overlay - Medium Scales map template provides the tools that you will need to create 
the 144K, 72K, and 36K scale levels of the Hydro Reference Overlay map. You just 
simply follow the instructions in the template package, and essentially pour your data 
into the template to create your own hydro-centric reference map. Hydrological map,   
chart showing such hydrologic features as rivers and streams; the purpose and content 
of these maps vary according to the country of their origin. Some maps are used as 
supplements to a detailed written text, whereas others, such as the USGS Hydrologic 
Investigations Atlases series, provide only a brief and general discussion as the text. 
Since hydrology embraces the many subsystems relating to water, the maps may be 
constructed for each individually or may combine the features of more than one sub-
system.
Rain gauge data is used to measure total precipitation over a drainage basin, and 
there are different ways to interpret that data. If the gauges are many and evenly dist-
ributed over an area of uniform precipitation, using the arithmetic mean method will 
give good results. In the Thiessenpolygon method, the drainage basin is divided into 
polygons with the rain gauge in the middle of each polygon assumed to be represen-

---

The hydrological mapping and methods in Azerbaijan
93
tative for the rainfall on the area of land included in its polygon. These polygons are 
made by drawing lines between gauges, then making perpendicular bisectors of those 
lines form the polygons. The isohyetal method involves contours of equal precipitation 
are drawn over the gauges on a map. Calculating the area between these curves and 
adding up the volume of water is time consuming. Isochrone maps can be used to show 
the time taken for runoff water within a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or 
outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall. The USGS has a distributed 
water database that is locally managed. Surface water, groundwater, and water quality 
data are compiled from these local, distributed databases into a national information 
system. The groundwater database contains records from about 850, 000 wells that 
have been compiled during the course of groundwater hydrology studies over the past 
100 years. Information from these wells is served via the Internet through NWISWeb, 
the National Water Information System Web Interface. NWISWeb provides all USGS 
groundwater data that are approved for public release. This large number of sites is ex-
cellent for some uses, but complicates retrievals when the user is interested in specifi c 
networks, or wells in an active water-level measurement program. These “groundwater 
watch” web pages group related wells and data from these active well networks, and 
provide basic statistics about the water-level data collected by USGS water science 
centers for Cooperative Programs, for Federal Programs, and from data supplied to us 
by our customers through cooperative agreements. The National Hydrography Dataset 
(NHD) and Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD) are used to portray surface water 
on The National Map. The NHD represents the drainage network with features such 
as rivers, streams, canals, lakes, ponds, coastline, dams, and streamgages. The WBD 
represents drainage basins as enclosed areas in eight different size categories. Both 
datasets represent the real world at a nominal scale of 1:24, 000-scale, which means 
that one inch of The National Map data equals 2, 000 feet on the ground. To maintain 
mapping clarity not all water features are represented and those that are use a mode-
rate level of detail. The NHD and WBD are digital vector datasets used by geographic 
information systems (GIS). These data are designed to be used in general mapping 
and in the analysis of surface water systems. In order to make a map these data must 
be used by a GIS to render the data and then print a map or make an image. The NHD 
is portrayed on the US Topo map product produced by the USGS and the NHD and 
WBD can be viewed on the Hydrography Viewer or the general mapping oriented The 
National Map Viewer. In mapping, the NHD and WBD are used with other data the-
mes such as elevation, boundaries, transportation, and structures to produce general 
reference maps. The NHD and WBD are often used by scientists using GIS. GIS te-
chnologies take advantage of a rich set of attributes imbedded in the data to generate 
specialized information. These analyses are possible because the NHD contains a fl ow 
network that allows for tracing water downstream or upstream. The NHD and WBD 
use an addressing system based on reach codes and linear referencing to link specifi c 
information about the water such as water discharge rates, water quality, and fi sh po-
pulation. The WBD exists in six levels of a nested hierarchy permitting the analysis 

---