Glossary of pelagic biogeography r. K. Johnson†, B. J. Zahuranec*, D. Boltovskoy and A. C. Pierrot-Bults
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Subdivision of a resource between or among coexisting organisms, often assumed to be related to or the result of competition.
Creation of a network of closely related taxa within and at the species level, particularly by chromosome doubling or by polyploidy.
Diel vertical migration (qv) in which the shallowest depths are occupied during hours of daylight, the deepest depths are occupied during hours of darkness, best exemplified by dinoflagellates. rheo - Evolution of new species (forms, varieties, taxa) concentrated in very rapid events, considered nearly instantaneous in terms of geologic time. Prefix meaning current, flowing. rheology reología That aspect of limnology devoted to the study of lotic (qv) systems. rheotaxis reotaxis Change in orientation or direction of movement associated with the stimulus of a current, usually a current of water.
Pertaining to the upper reaches of a stream or river. rhoium A creek community. rhyacium comunidad de torrente A torrent community. ribbon distribution distribución en banda In the sea a distribution in which the variance of two of the three possible Cartesian coordinates (latitude, longitude, depth) is much restricted compared to the third, eg the upper slope benthic and pseudoceanic (qv) groups of species, with relatively narrow bathymetric (and therefore usually narrow inshore to offshore) limits. Usual sense is bathymetric restriction. riparian ripario Pertaining to, living or situated on, the banks of rivers and streams. rhithron ritron Of or pertaining to the organisms that inhabit a fluvial (qv) habitat. riverine fluvial Pertaining to a river; formed by the action of a river. rooted tree Cladistics: usually involves a numerical method of determining the most parsimonious tree (branching sequence) based on evidence of (or assumptions about) character state polarity (ancestral ===> derived). rough fish Fisheries biology: vernacular term for a species of finfish (qv) of little or no commercial value. ruderal species See R-strategist. rule of deviation regla de la desviación Cladistics: An essential tenant in cladistic methodology as espoused by Hennig and Brundin: in dichotomous splitting (cladogenesis) one daughter species will be relatively plesiomorphous (qv), the other relatively apomorphous (qv). S S-strategist estratega S Within the C-S-R triangle (qv) a species with small body size, slow growth, long to very long life span, low dispersal capability, strong physiological tolerance to environmental stress, devoting a small proportion of its metabolic energy to the production of offspring - a stress tolerant species. salinity salinidad A measure of the total concentration of dissolved salts in sea water. More precisely the total amount of dissolved solids in parts per thousand (ppt) by weight when all the bromide and iodide has been converted to chloride, all the carbonate to oxide, and all organic matter completely oxidized (cf chlorinity). SI units for salinity: kg/m3. salsuginous Pertaining to or living in coastal habitats episodically inundated by salt or brackish water. salt lake lago salado, lago hipersalino An inland water body having a high salinity due to loss through evaporation, not drainage. salt marsh marjal salino, marisma salina, ciénaga salina A flat poorly drained coastal swamp typically inundated by high tides. saltation saltación (evolución saltatoria) (1) Evolution: A drastic and sudden mutational change; an abrupt evolutionary change; macrogenesis. (2) Behavior: To move by leaping or bounding. (3) Geology: The bouncing movement of sand grains advected by winds. sapro - Prefix meaning rotten, decaying. sapropel sapropel Term applied to organisms inhabiting muds rich in decaying organic matter (sapropelic). saproplankton saproplancton Saprophagous plankton, feeding on nonliving particulate materials in the water column (eg Noctiluca).
(1) Ecology: No more room, full utilization of available resources. Based on the notion that in any closed system in equilibrium all of the net energy produced is utilized by consumers and decomposers for there to be a balanced energy budget. Seen as true for individual species as well as the whole assemblage. But almost no system is truly closed which begs the question of how species K or community "K" might be determined. In fact populations and communities probably seldom reach equilibrium although in very K-selected species in K-selective environments (highly stable and/or predictable), it may be approached. (2) Meteorology: A condition in which air at a specific temperature contains all the water vapor it can hold; 100 percent relative humidity. (3) Physics: Vividness of hue of color; degree of difference from a gray of the same lightness or brightness. Also called intensity.
The system of measurement and expression of a variable. Scale systems commonly employed in biology include: (1) ratio scale (true zero, eg length, mass, time); (2) interval scale (constant interval, no true zero; eg Celsius or Fahrenheit temperature scales); (3) ordinal scale (ranked values; relative not absolute quantitative difference); (4) nominal scale (coded; qualitative; eg male vs female, red vs blue, etc.) scattering layer capa difusora An acoustically dense or opaque layer of organisms in the pelagic water column detected by back-reflection of a transmitted acoustic impulse (cf deep scattering layer). scavenger detritívoro An animal that feeds on dead or decaying matter. school cardúmen An aggregation of marine or freshwater organisms, usually nektonic fish, exhibiting coordinated (and related) movements. sea bird ave marina Birds which spend most of their lives at sea, deriving virtually all of their food resources from the marine environment; possessing salt glands allowing drinking of sea water and processing of ion-rich food. True sea birds are limited to four avian orders: Sphenisciformes, Procellariiformes, Pelecaniformes, and Charadriiformes (true sea birds are much in the minority in the latter order). secondary production producción secundaria The production (cf primary production) of herbivores, or of herbivores and carnivores, in a community food web. secondary succession sucesión secundaria Succession initiated by the disruption of a previously existing seral or climax community by a major perturbation, leading to marked change in community structure, usually initially expressed as greatly reduced diversity (cf primary succession). seiche seca A standing wave oscillation of an enclosed or partially enclosed water body that continues after the cessation of the original generating force (eg wind or other meteorological condition). selection selección Evolution: Differential survival of genotypes. Process that determines through action upon and through differential fitness (qv) the relative proportion of different genotypes within a population (cf stabilizing selection). selective species especie selectiva A species found most frequently in a particular community (cf Braun-Blanquet classification), but also present occasionally in other communities (cf accidental, exclusive, indifferent, or preferential species). selfing autofecundación Self-fertilizing or self-pollinating; usually used in reference to flowering plants. semelparity semelparidad Organism which breeds but once during its reproductive lifetime (cf iteroparity). semestrial semianual, hemianual Pertaining to periods of six months; half-yearly. semi - Prefix meaning half or partly. semi-enclosed system sistema semi-cerrado A system with restricted but still open access to a usually much larger outside system or reservoir, eg an estuary (qv) as classically defined.
A tidal cycle exhibiting two high water and two low water periods each lunar day. semispecies semi-especie Group of organisms that are taxonomically or functionally intermediate between a race (qv) and a species (qv).
The complex deteriorative processes that terminate naturally the functional life of an organ or organism; aging.
Organisms whose biology, physiology, behavior, etc., are markedly changed by relatively minor environmental changes. [Obviously a highly subjective term.] sensu Latin, ablative, meaning "in the sense of." Used in expressions such as sensu lato (qv) as well as in phrases such as sensu Van der Spoel 1982, meaning in the sense used or meant by Van der Spoel in the 1982 work referenced. sensu lato (s. l.) Taxonomy: In the broad or wide sense, when speaking of a taxon meaning in the broadest possible interpretation (usually of the contained OTU's of that taxon).
Taxonomy: In the strict sense, the narrowest or most rigid interpretation of a taxon (usually in terms of its contents, cf sensu lato).
Phase in the sequential development of a climax community (cf succession). sere (1) Developmental biology: Characteristic sequence of developmental stages occurring in succession. (2) Ecology: Of a habitat, severe, usually tolerable only to a few highly-adapted organisms (eg extreme desert, bare rock, arctic-alpine). series serie Taxonomy: The sample (usually of a given taxon) which the collector takes in the field or the sample of the taxon available for taxonomic study. serotinal estival tardío Pertaining to late summer. sessile sésil Applied to an organism fixed in position, attached, unfree to move about (cf vagile). seston The total weight of all particulate materials in sea water, both living and non living, that can be collected on a filter of specified pore size (eg 0.45mm). shelf break borde de plataforma The outer edge of the continental shelf; the zone of interface between the continental shelf and the continental slope.
See finfish vs shellfish. sial The granitic lighter layer of crust, associated with continents, containing relatively high concentrations of silica and aluminum, (cf sima).
Pairs or groups of closely related species which are reproductively isolated but morphologically identical or nearly so (synonym: "cryptic species")
The mean time taken for one rotation of the Earth; each year comprises 365.256 sidereal days.
Oceanography: Widely-used jargon, meaning an environmental (physical, chemical, biological) cue or forcing function (qv) eliciting an observed response.
Water depth of the deepest channel connecting an oceanic basin to another or to the global ocean beyond.
The layer of the earth's crust lying below the sial, denser, associated with the deep ocean floor, composed of basaltic rocks rich in silica and magnesium (cf sial).
A buffering reservoir; any large reservoir that is capable of absorbing or receiving energy or matter without undergoing significant change.
Cladistics: Two OTU's that are hypothesized to be the immediate product of cladogenesis. A sister group is therefore the OTU (qv) sharing a more recent common ancestor with the OTU of reference than does either OTU share with any other taxon. Cladistics is for the most part the search for sister groups. Cladistical procedure requires that such groups be assigned the same (coordinate) rank. skewness asimetría Statistics: One measure of departure of a frequency distribution from a normal distribution, involving an asymmetric distribution of values around the mean (cf kurtosis). slack water estoa An interval of low velocity tidal current, usually the period of reversal between ebb and flow. slick An aggregation of floating matter resulting in reduced wave activity and a smooth and shiny water surface. slime moco, sustancia mucosa (1) A thick, sticky, slippery substance. (2) A mucous substance secreted by certain organisms (eg various bacteria produce extracellular mucopolysaccharides).
Discrete water mass region off eastern North America, a transition zone (qv) bound by the 15° C isotherm contour at the 200 m surface and the edge of the continental shelf.
A monotonic relationship between two variables. Biological clines typically express infraspecific variation where the variables are usually phenotypic expression vs distance or environmental variable. In a smooth cline there are no evident sharp discontinuities as in a stepped cline. Discontinuities suggest sharper barriers to gene interchange or a discontinuity (eg a front) in the environment. social facilitation facilitación social The requirement for a minimum number of conspecifics to be present to elicit a certain behavior, usually reproductive behavior, (eg breeding in the North American passenger pigeon).
The mean time interval between consecutive sunrises or any other given position of the sun (eg zenith); nominally 24 hrs (cf sidereal day).
The hypothesis that species diversity, especially in the tropics, builds up when restricted localities favorable to certain species allow them to produce a surplus of emigrants, hence to be a source of new individuals dispersing to less favorable sites nearby, the sinks (qv). Southern Ocean (Antarctic Ocean) Used to describe oceanic waters surrounding Antarctica, extending to about 40° S, the northern limit of drift ice, or to the southern Subtropical Convergence (qv).
The monsoon (qv) in the north Indian Ocean that blows from southwest to northeast during the summer months of May through August (cf NE Monsoon). spawn desove, desovar (1) The eggs of aquatic animals such as bivalve mollusks, fishes, and amphibians. (2) To deposit or release eggs.
An abbreviation of the Latin species nova. specialist especialista Ecology: A species having a narrow or restricted habitat range or food preference (cf generalist). specialization especialización Degree of adaptation of an organism to its environment. A high degree of specialization normally suggests a narrow niche breadth (qv) or narrowness of habitat.
The splitting of a phyletic line; the process of the multiplication of species; the origin of discontinuities between populations caused by the development of reproductive isolating mechanisms. As used the term normally implies cladogenetic change (cf anagenesis, cladogenesis). species especie Groups of natural populations which potentially or actually interbreed (reproduce) but which do not reproduce with other such groups, from which they usually differ in consistent (even if slight) morphological or meristic characteristics.
See assemblage. species equilibrium equilibrio entre especies In island biogeography, the steady state number of species as a measure of biodiversity found on an island or isolated patch of habitat due to a balance between the immigration of new species and the extinction of old residents.
A group of several ecologically diverse and closely related species that have evolved within a single macrohabitat, such as a particular lake basin.
A component of diversity - the length of the species list, ie the number of species actually present in an assemblage or community (cf diversity index, equitability).
An empirically derived relationship between the number of species (usually limited to a single large taxon, eg "birds" or "herpetofauna") and the area occupied. Often applied to islands. Similar considerations have been used in comparing sample size (eg volume water filtered) with species richness - on average a larger to much larger sample size is required to observe very rare species. spontaneous generation generación espontánea The long discredited theory that living organisms can arise spontaneously from an appropriate mix of nonliving chemicals in aqueous solution. sporadic esporádico Scattered; occasional. sport fish peces deportivos Fisheries biology: In the vernacular, a finfish (qv) species commonly sought by recreational anglers. spring tide marea de sicigia The exceptionally high and low tides that occur at the time of the new moon or the full moon when the sun, moon, and earth are approximately aligned (in syzygy, qv), on average about 20% higher than normal (mean) tides. stability estabilidad (1) Ecology: Of a community - resilience (qv) to perturbation (qv), tendency to recover after perturbation. (2) Oceanography: Expression of energy required for vertical movement of water parcels; defined as the rate of change of density with depth. Stability is typically maximum at the main thermocline. stabilizing selection selección estabilizante Selection for the mean or intermediate phenotype with consequent elimination of peripheral variants or extreme phenotypes [expression of extreme (unusual, maladaptive) genotypes]. Maintaining an existing state of adaptation in a stable environment. Also known as normalizing selection (cf disruptive selection, directional selection). stagnicolous Living in stagnant water. standing crop exisencia, cosecha In whatever units (cells/liter; chl-A concentration, shoots per m-2 ), a measure of the biomass actually present at a stated point in time for a stated area or volume. (equivalent to standing stock). standing stock existencia The number, biomass or concentration of a given organism actually present at the time of reference. Commonly used in describing assemblages of autotrophic organisms and zooplankton (also called standing crop, see P/B ratio). stasipatric speciation especiación estasipátrica See parapatric speciation. statics estática Description of objects in place in instantaneous time without measurement of the forces or phenomena that caused them to be there or help to understand where they will be in the future (cf dynamics). Much of open ocean biogeography has been descriptive and static in nature, in part because of lack of sufficient time series (qv). station estación The site at which an observation or collection was made. statistic estadística Any function of a sample drawn from a larger population or universe; often used as an estimate of the corresponding parameter (qv) of the population from which the sample was drawn; commonly denoted by Roman letters. steno - Prefix meaning narrow. stenohaline estenohalino Organisms with a narrow range of tolerated salinities. stenophagy estenofagia Having a very specialized diet. stenothermal estenotérmico Organisms with a narrow range of tolerated temperatures (cf eurythermal). stenotopic estenotípico An organism with narrow habitat requirements or environmental tolerances (cf eurytopic). stepped cline cline escalado See smooth cline. stereotaxis estéreotaxis See thigmotaxis. stimulus estímulo (1) Something causing or regarded as causing a response. (2) An agent, an action, or a condition that elicits or accelerates a physiological or behavioral activity or response.
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