Glossary of pelagic biogeography r. K. Johnson†, B. J. Zahuranec*, D. Boltovskoy and A. C. Pierrot-Bults
Yüklə 0,85 Mb.
|
grallatorial Adapted for wading. grazing pastoreo Consumption of autotrophs by herbivores. Also applies to consumption of pseudoflora (sessile invertebrates) by carnivores. In most marine systems, unlike terrestrial systems, there is little attempt to distinguish between browsing and grazing. greenhouse effect efecto invernadero Warming effect of retention of long wave length (infrared) radiation by the lower atmosphere with relative transparency to transmission of short wave length radiation (visible light). gross primary production producción primaria bruta Rate of carbon fixation by autotrophs per unit area (or per unit volume) per unit time (cf primary production). guild gremio Ecology: A group of species that utilizes one or more aspects of environmental resources in much the same way, eg a feeding guild contains species that feed in similar ways on similar organisms or nutrient sources (cf depensatory compensation). gynochoric ginocórico Pertaining to organisms dispersed by motile females. gyre giro, vórtice Circular or spiral motion of water or air, used to describe a semienclosed current system, such as the macroscale (qv) subtropical anticyclonic (qv) gyres or such cyclonic (qv) gyres as occur in regions such as the Pacific Subarctic.
Ecology: Living place of an organism, defined by its location and physical, chemical and biological properties.
That part of the ocean that lies in the deep ocean trenches below the general (abyssal) level of the deep ocean floor.
Meteorology: Macroscale convective circulation in the lower atmosphere in which winds at the surface are equatorward and winds aloft are poleward, driven by differential latitudinal heating of the earth’s surface by the sun. In the Northern Hemisphere the tropical Hadley Cell (trade wind zone) operates between the equator and approximately 30° N. The polar Hadley Cell (polar easterly zone) operates between the North Pole and roughly 60°N. In between, 30°to 60°N is the zone of the Ferrell Cell (zone of the westerlies). The Southern Hemisphere has a mirror image arrangement (approximately). This description is of the so-called Tricellular Model, which is descriptively useful but oversimplified. hadopelagic hadopelágico Pelagic in depths greater than 6000 m (cf hadal zone; ultra-abyssopelagic). halocline haloclina Any zone of rapid change of salinity, typically with depth as the principal independent axis.
A mangrove (mangal) community. halophilic halofílico Thriving in (tolerant of) high salt concentrations in the environment. halophyte halofítico Plant adapted morphologically and physiologically to grow in markedly saline environments, eg Rhizophora, Salicornia, Spartina.
Characteristic sequence of communities associated with developmental stages in plant succession in salt marshes.
Law that states that gene and genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation given a sufficiently large panmictic (qv) population and in the absence of genetic drift, mutation pressure, migration, and selective breeding.
Ecology: Pertaining to marshes or marsh communities. heliotropic heliotrópico See phototropic. hemiplankton hemiplancton See meroplankton. Hennig '86 A widely used package of computer programs for phylogenetic analysis developed by J. S. Farris, Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook. herbivore herbívoro Heterotroph that consumes plants or living plant material (or autotrophic protists or procaryotes) (cf carnivore, detritovore, omnivore). hermaphroditism hermafroditismo Bisexuality with both sexes present in the same individual. May be synchronous or sequential (cf protandry, protogyny).
Dissociation during development of factors of shape, size and maturity, so that organisms mature in these and/or other respects at earlier or later growth stages. This leads to paedogenesis (qv) or recapitulation (qv). heterograde heterógrado A non-uniform gradient of a factor in the water column, eg an oxygen minimum layer. heterosis Hybrid vigor; the selective superiority of heterozygous over homozygous individuals from either parental stock.
Pertaining to a different species (cf conspecific). heterotrophic heterotrófico (1) Required utilization of organic substrates (food) as a source of energy (cf autotrophic). (2) Applied to consumer organisms, herbivores and carnivores, but may also be true of some plants capable of utilizing organic molecules as an energy source under certain conditions. heuristic heurístico Serving to further investigation; any discovery, discourse or observation that tends to promote research or additional study, especially in a synthetic manner.
Plankton (qv) that achieve buoyancy by means of surface secretions. hierarchical system sistema jerárquico Systematics: The grouping of individuals by a series of subdivisions or agglomerations to form a characteristic dendrogram (cf cladogram, phenogram) representative of relationships.
General term for aquatic angiosperms, primarily freshwater. historical biogeography biogeografía histórica The study of animal distribution with emphasis on evolution and over an evolutionary time scale, usually employing overlay of phylogenetic information on the distributional database (cf vicariance biogeography). holobenthic holobéntico, holobentónico An organism that remains benthic throughout its entire life cycle. holopelagic holopelágico Organisms that remain pelagic throughout their entire life cycle (cf meropelagic). holophyletic holofilétco See monophyletic. holophytic holofítico Wholly plantlike in mode of nutrition, used of certain protists in opposition to holozoic (qv). holoplankton holoplancton Organisms which are permanent (throughout their lifetime) members of the plankton (qv) (cf meroplankton).
Taxonomy: The single specimen designated or indicated as "the type" ("name-bearer") by the original author at the time of publication of the original description in taxa at species-level rank (species, subspecies). holozoic holozoico Wholly like an animal in mode of nutrition, used of certain protists in opposition to holophytic (qv).
Of or pertaining to organisms that are capable of regulation, to at least some degree, of internal salt/fluid content relative to the external milieu over the range of conditions specified.
Organism that regulates body temperature by internal physiological and/or morphological mechanisms/processes (cf poikilotherm).
Describes a feature or character state between two taxa when thought to have the same evolutionary origin, regardless of current function (cf analogous).
A feature or state in two or more taxa that can be traced back to the same feature in a common ancestor of the taxa, regardless of function.
Taxonomy: One of two or more identical but independently proposed names for the same or different taxa. homoplasy homoplasia Phylogeny: Apparent synapomorphy due to parallelism (qv) or convergence (qv). homoscedasticity homocedasia Statistics: Of or referring to the equality or homogeneity of variances among all samples being compared. horotelic horotélico Normal or average rate of evolution per million years within a given taxonomic group (cf bradytelic, tachytelic). "Normal" is empirically determined for each group and may lack global meaning. host huésped See parasite hybrid híbrido Genetics: Individual plant or animal resulting from a cross between parents of differing genotypes. Typically applied to the product(s) of outcrossing between species.
A zone of interbreeding between two species, subspecies or other unlike populations; zone of secondary intergradation.
A series of highly variable forms produced by the crossing and backcrossing of hybrids. hybridization hibridación The crossing (interbreeding) of individuals belonging to two distinct natural populations (principally species).
A submerged plant community. hydrarch succession sucesión hidrarca The natural progression of succeeding communities commencing in a habitat with abundant water; hydrosere. Typically refers to the succession from freshwater lake habitat to dry land. hydric hidrobios A wet habitat or environment (cf xeric, mesic). hydrochemical front frente hidroquímico An oceanic boundary (qv) region across which occur relatively sharp (change in value / change in distance) gradients in abiotic (qv) factors , often associated with a marked transition in oceanic community constituency and structure. For example the marked hydrochemical front at 10° S in the Indian Ocean.
Dispersed by the agency of water, used primarily of freshwater lotic (qv) habitats (cf advection). hydrographic gate puerta hidrográfica A set of physical/chemical/biological conditions that may "toggle" a reference potential transport pathway (particularly for larval or juvenile forms) between barrier (qv) and corridor (qv). For example, coastal tide and meteorological conditions may interact to promote or prevent ingress of larval fishes from the coastal ocean to an otherwise suitable nearshore nursery area. hydrography hidrografía Oceanography and Limnology: A branch of physical oceanography with emphasis on ocean currents, especially as they affect navigation, including preparation of navigation charts and of current and tide tables. The term is sometimes used more generally to refer to the study of ocean currents and associated phenomena per se.
The water cycle; the global movement of water between atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
Study of the flow of water in various states through the terrestrial and atmospheric environments and of interchange with sources and sinks in the sea.
Plant that is adapted morphologically and/or physiologically to grow in water or very wet environments, used primarily of freshwater habitats.
The force per unit area exerted by a column of water; pressure increases by 1 atmosphere per 10 m vertically downward in a water column.
An orientational or movement response cued by the presence of a water or moisture stimulus.
Study of plate tectonics (qv) applied to ocean basins, principally from the standpoint of effects on ocean circulation, water mass formation and extent, and domain properties. hypactile Pertains to that part of the littoral zone exposed by the tide for less than one-quarter of the tidal cycle.
Living above but close to the substratum (suprabenthic) (cf epibenthic, endobenthic, engibenthic). hyperosmotic hiperosmótico A solution that exerts a greater osmotic pressure than the solution of reference (eg sea water is hyperosmotic to teleost blood). (cf hypoosmotic, isosmotic).
Having a high salinity, well in excess of normal sea water; typical of isolated bodies of seawater with high evaporation rates (lacking or with restricted free access to the sea). hypodigm hipodigma Taxonomy: The entire known material of a species available for study (not that uncommonly employed in work on deepsea organisms).
Lower, cooler, noncirculating water in a thermally stratified temperate lake in summer (cf epilimnion).
Organisms living immediately below the surface film of a body of water (cf epineuston). hypoosmotic hioposmótico A solution that exerts a lower osmotic pressure than the solution of reference (eg freshwater is hypoosmotic to teleost blood). (cf hyperosmotic, isosmotic).
Waters undersaturated (low) in dissolved oxygen content, as in oceanic oxygen minimum layers (cf anoxic).
See International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. ichthyology ictiología The study of fishes, with emphasis on comparative and evolutionary biology, broadly defined, but including studies on all aspects of the biology of fishes as it relates to natural, unexploited populations (cf fisheries biology). ichthyoplankton ictioplancton Fishes, typically larvae and juveniles, in the meroplankton (qv). ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) (CINZ) Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica See International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. -idae Suffix; ending of the name of a subclass in the botanical or of a family in the zoological literature.
The movement of an individual or group into a different population or geographical region (cf emigration).
Suffix; the ending of the name of a subtribe in botanical nomenclature and of a subfamily in zoological nomenclature.
Growth that continues throughout the life span of an individual (although commonly in differing proportion of total length or mass as a function of age) (cf determinate growth).
especie indicadora (1) Ecology: Species characteristic of a particular community, ecosystem or habitat. (2) Paleontology: Species characteristic of a particular rock unit or time zone.
Third largest of the main oceans of the world. Area =73,443,000 km2. The northern Indian Ocean is dominated by intense monsoonal wind fields which cause dramatic surface current changes. indicator species especie indicadora A species indicative of a particular environmental regime, organismal assemblage or biogeographic area. Usually used in the ecological sense to indicate (serve as an index of) a particular environmental regime. indifferent species especie indiferente Species occurring in a given community but not showing strong fidelity (qv) to that community, occurring in one or more additional communities as well (cf accidental, exclusive, preferential, selective species). indigenous indígena See endemic. -ineae Suffix; the ending of the name of a suborder in botanical nomenclature. infauna The total animal life within a sediment (cf epifauna, benthos). infralittoral infralitoral Intertidal region exposed only at the lowest spring tides. infraspecific infraespecífico Below (contained within) a taxon assigned the rank (qv) of species. Ranges from panmictic (qv) single populations to formae (qv) to subspecies (qv), but on a continuum, with any attempt to draw sharp definitional limits likely to fail. Infraspecific groupings are not accorded formal recognition in the ICZN (qv). ingroup Systematics: The collection of OTU's (qv) under study, for which an attempt at phylogenetic elucidation is being made. -ini Suffix; the ending of the name of a tribe in the zoological literature. inland sea mar interior Extensive body of water that is largely or entirely surrounded by land, eg Black Sea, Baltic Sea, Caspian Sea (cf epeiric sea).
(1) A recess, such as a bay or cove, along a coast. (2) A stream mouth or bay leading inland, as from the ocean; an estuary. (3) A narrow passage of water, as between two islands. inquilinism comensalismo Symbiosis (cf commensalism) in which one organism (the inquiline) lives within another without causing damage to the host (eg crustaceans and fishes inquiline in sponges); also used to describe living within the burrow, nest or other domicile of another species.
General term for ocean regions in close proximity to land (cf offshore). insolation insolación The amount of incoming solar radiation received over a unit area of the Earth's surface per stated unit of time.
A species wherein a single individual is capable of establishing a new species population distinct from the parental species. instar estadío Any intermolt stage in the development of an arthropod. interannual interanual Pertaining to events that vary on a year-to-year basis, particularly seasonally-related events.
Hypothesis that diversity in a community is greatest when disturbance (perturbation) is intermediate on scales of frequency and intensity.
Water mass lying between a principal upper water mass or water masses (eg South Atlantic Central Water) and a deep water mass (or masses; eg North Atlantic Deep Water), such as Antarctic Intermediate Water. internal wave onda interna Wave that forms within a water column at the boundary interface between two water masses (layers) differing in density.
The internationally adopted set of rules governing botanical nomenclature. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica (CINZ) Regulations governing the scientific naming of animals. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature is the international authority that establishes those regulations and supervises their application. interspecific interespecífico Between species, interaction between or condition described for two or more species (cf intraspecific). intertidal zone zona intertidal, zona intermareal Area between mean high-water level and mean low-water level in the coastal region. Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Zona de Convergencia Intertropical Low latitude zone of convergence (qv) between air masses flowing equatorward as part of the lower limb of the tropical Hadley Cell (qv). Zone of the doldrums (qv). The ITCZ moves latitudinally with the progression of the seasons. interzonal Between two zones; used of pelagic species inhabiting two or more defined depth zones. intraspecific intraespecífico Within a species, interaction between conspecific individuals or condition described for a single species (or selected populations thereof). (cf interspecific). intrinsic rate of increase tasa intrínseca de crecimiento The "little r" of the exponential (qv) and logistic (qv) models of population increase. introduced species especie introducida A species transported to a new geographic area beyond the normal range of the species, usually through human agency or intervention, as contrasted with native (qv) species. introgressive hybridization hibridización introgresiva The spread of one or more genes of one species into the gene pool of another species as a result of hybridization. Yüklə 0,85 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
|