Glossary of pelagic biogeography r. K. Johnson†, B. J. Zahuranec*, D. Boltovskoy and A. C. Pierrot-Bults
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autumnal otoñal Of or pertaining to autumn, that period of the year between the autumnal equinox and the winter solstice (in the Northern Hemisphere from about September 21 to about December 21) (cf vernal). auxotrophic auxotrófico Situation whereby some primary producers require external "growth factors" or "vitamins", complex organic molecules, for growth (eg dinoflagellates).
The bacterial component of the neuston (qv). bacterioplankton bacterioplancton Bacterial plankton (qv). balanced polymorphism polimorfismo balanceado Polymorphism (qv) in which the genetically distinct forms are more or less permanent components of the population, where maintained by selection as in selective superiority of the heterozygote over both homozygotes (cf genetic polymorphism). baroclinic baroclínico Condition in the ocean or atmosphere in which surfaces of constant pressure (isobaric) and constant density are not parallel, but intersect. barotropism barotropismo Orientation or change of direction in an organism in response to a pressure stimulus. barrier barrera Any physical (or biological) object or condition obstructing free interchange along what would otherwise be an open corridor. Barriers may be more effective for some functional or taxonomic groups than others (cf pathway, corridor). basin cuenca Geography: A concavity in the earth's surface, a low point surrounded on all sides by higher (shallower) ground. Sill depth marks the maximum depth below the water's surface (or minimum altitude above the basin floor) of connection between the basin and other areas of the earth's surface.
A subdivision of the oceanic benthic environment encompassing the zone between 200 - 2000 m, roughly the zone of the continental margin (cf shelf break, slope, rise).
Measurement of oceanic depths, principally to delineate topography. bathypelagic batipelágico (1) Zone of pelagic oceanic environment extending from 1000 m to top of abyssopelagic (2000 m) where the latter zone is recognized. (2) Zone of pelagic oceanic environment in which diel changes in sunlight are absent or of insufficient excursion to cue diel vertical migration. Part of the aphotic (qv) zone. Beaufort Scale escala de Beaufort Table of values from 0 to 12 for describing wind strength, where each force value has a definable effect on observed sea state.
Of or pertaining to the bottom of the ocean. benthic boundary region That stratum of water extending upward from the bottom to that depth where the bottom has virtually no effect upon water movement (cf nepheloid layer). benthopelagic bentopelágico Pelagic organisms living in ecological association with the bottom, not on it or in it, but influenced by it and coactively interacting with components of the bottom community. benthos bentos In freshwater and marine ecosystems, the assemblage of organisms attached to, resting on, moving on or in, or living within the bottom substratum/sediments (adjectival form: benthic)(cf demersal, infauna, epifauna). Bergmann's Rule ley de Bergmann The observation that the body size of homoiothermic animals in a single closely-related evolutionary line increases along a gradient of warm to cold temperatures, relating to heat loss or gain and the ratio of body surface area to volume. Beringia Area comprising the Bering Strait and adjacent areas of Siberia and Alaska, which, at various times, relating to changes in sea level, provided a land or alternately a water route for the dispersal of organisms. bet-hedging Ecology: A life history "strategy" such as iteroparity in which an organism apportions its efforts or resources, such as reproductive output, so that one or a few "good years" may balance or exceed the results of a number of "bad" or mediocre years. Example: interoparous reproduction and distribution of reproductive value among forms such as pelagic clupeioids. beta taxonomy taxonomía beta The arrangement of species into hierarchical systems of taxa at higher category rank. biantitropical See antitropical species. bioacoustics bioacústica (1) Study of the production and use of sound by living organisms. (2) Use of sound (sonar, transponders, etc.) to study aspects of the functioning of living organisms in situ. Studies carried out are principally distribution, relative abundance and behavior of these organisms. bioassay test biológico Measurement of quantity or intensity of an action based on quantitative assessment of organismal response. biocoenosis biocenosis (1) An assemblage (qv) of organisms associated with a specific habitat type (cf thanatocoenosis). (2) The living part of a biogeocoenosis, comprising the phytocoenosis (autotrophs), zoocoenosis (heterotrophs), and microbiocoenosis (decomposers). biogenesis biogénesis (1) Evolution: Principle that a living organism can arise only from another living organism (cf spontaneous generation). (2) Geology: The formation of any substance from or by living organisms, eg coal, petroleum, limestone, oceanic oozes, etc.
A sediment of which 30% or more is produced by the activities of living organisms, eg limestone, radiolarian ooze, foraminiferan ooze etc. biogeny biogenia Evolution of organisms, comprising ontogeny (qv) and phylogeny (qv). biogeochemical cycle ciclo biogeoquímico Movement of chemical elements from organism to physical environment to organism in more or less cyclic pattern. Termed nutrient cycle(s) where element(s) or compound(s) act as nutrients (qv). biogeographic boundary límite biogeográfico (1) The various disjunctive groupings of plants and animals are usually delimited by one or more barriers to migration which act to prevent faunal and/or floral mixing. The location of such barriers determines or defines boundaries. (2) Zones of most rapid change in species composition per unit distance traveled.
Biological subdivision of the earth's surface, usually based on taxonomic rather than ecological criteria, and embracing both faunal and floral characteristics. The concept is usually not rigorously nor quantitatively defined, and often varies from authority to authority in defining criteria and extent.
See above. Major regions (consensus lacking, terminology variable): EQUATORIAL (tropical): Atlantic, Indian, western and central Pacific, Eastern Tropical Pacific. CENTRAL (subtropical): North and South Atlantic, South Indian, North & South Pacific. SUBARCTIC: North Atlantic and Pacific. TRANSITION: North and South eastern Pacific SUBTROPICAL CONVERGENCE: South Atlantic, South Indian , South Pacific SUBANTARCTIC and ANTARCTIC: Southern Ocean biogeographical region or realm (terrestrial) región biogeográfica (terrestre) A collection of provinces, usually placed at the apex of the biogeographical hierarchical classification. Major terrestrial regions usually recognized: Antarctic, Australasian, Ethiopian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceania, Oriental and Palearctic. Holarctic = Palearctic + Nearctic. biogeography biogeografía Study of the distribution of organisms, both single species and assemblages. Includes both historical (systematics, phylogeny, evolution) and ecological approaches to understanding distributional patterns. bioherm bioherma (1) Paleontology: A moundlike accumulation of fossil remains on the site where organisms lived. (2) Ecology: Any organism contributing to the formation of an organic reef, such as a coral reef.
acomodación biológica The notion that as diversity grows in a community, species become not only tolerant of but (in many cases) dependent upon the predictable occurrence of other species in the community. Concomitant concepts: niche diversification (qv) and community as "superorganism" (cf superorganism concept). biological magnification magnificación biológica See food chain magnification. biological oceanography oceanografía biológica Study of the biology of the oceans; ie organisms as part of living systems of the sea: contrasted with marine biology (qv). biological rythm (rhythm) ritmo biológico Spontaneous cyclic functions encountered at all levels of organization, cellular to ecosystem, with both endogenous (qv) and exogenous (qv) cues.
Oceanography: Any living component of marine systems (or the immediate products or impacts of these components) that can be utilized in a Lagrangian (qv) sense to trace water movements. bioluminescence bioluminiscencia Production of light by living organisms (cf luminescence). biomass biomasa The total mass of living components (producers, consumers, decomposers) in an ecosystem at any one time. The mass (or weight) per unit volume of water or beneath a unitary area of sea surface. Also termed standing crop. biome bioma A large climatic region containing a significant proportion of plants and animals with characteristic adaptations for that climate. biometrics biometría The application of mathematical and statistical concepts to the analysis of biological phenomena; quantitative biology (biometry). biomonitoring biomonitoreo Monitoring of environmental change by assessment of changes in organisms. biostratigraphy bioestratigrafía Branch of stratigraphy (qv) that involves use of fossil plants and/or animals in the dating and correlation (qv) of the stratigraphic (layered) sequences of rock in which they are discovered. A zone is the fundamental division recognized by biostratigraphers. biota The flora and fauna of a region. biotic factors factores bióticos Pertaining to biological effects on the environment, eg oxygen production by phytoplankton; oxygen utilization by bacteria and animals resulting in oxygen minimum zones. biotope biotopo Environmental region and/or regime populated by a characteristic biota or community. bioturbation bioturbación The mixing of a sediment by the burrowing, feeding or other activity of living organisms, particularly benthic infauna. Forming a bioturbated sediment may lead to trophic group amensalism (qv) as in inhibition of growth of suspension feeders by heavily turbating deposit feeders.
The presence in the Arctic and Antarctic of apparently identical species absent in intervening temperate and tropical regions.
Ecology: Exponential growth through increase in numbers, typically in autotrophic (qv) protists (eg phytoplankton in spring bloom (outburst) conditions). boreal Northern. Pertaining to zonal areas north of the equator, usually applied to the temperate zone, especially the cold temperate (cf austral).
Ecology: A sudden decrease in population size due to perturbation or dispersal, with concomitant reduction in genetic diversity, enhancing the probability of genetic drift effects. bottom water mass masa de agua de fondo Water lying at the deepest part of the water column in the ocean, eg Antarctic Bottom Water.
Oceanography: Northward or southward directed ocean current flowing parallel and close to a continental margin, caused by deflection of eastward and westward transoceanic currents at the continental margin as well as the wind stress curl in that region. boundary region región limítrofe In the pelagic, a zone where conditions change more rapidly (quantitatively undefined) than outside such zones, for example at the edge of boundary currents (qv) and at water mass boundaries (qv).
Seawater containing an admixture of freshwater, generally from river runoff (cf estuary). bradytelic braditélico Exceedingly slow rate of evolution (anagenetic or cladogenetic) manifested by slowly-evolving lineages which survive much longer than would be expected (on the basis of average duration of recognizable lineages) (cf anagenesis, cladogenesis, horotelic, tachytelic). Braun-Blanquet Classification clasificación de Braun-Blanquet Ecology: Both a category of classification based on use of arithmetical similarity indices from counts of joint species occurrences in samples and a specific index (IB=a/(a+b), b = c). This index is now largely replaced in usage by such forms as the Czekanowski-Dice-Sorensen Index (Icds=2a/[(a+b)+(a+c)]. (a = number of species in common; b = number of species unique to first sample, c = number of species unique to second sample). browsing hurgando See grazing. C C-S-R triangle triángulo C-R-S Ecology: a three-component system of life history strategies conceptualized as a triangle with the three extremes representing competitive species (C-strategists)(qv), stress-tolerant species (S-strategists)(qv), and ruderal species (R-strategists)(qv). C-strategist estratega C, estratega competitivo Within the C-S-R (qv) triangle a species typically with large body size, rapid growth, relatively long life span, relatively efficient dispersal, devoting only a small proportion of metabolic energy to the production of offspring - a competitive species. caballing (cabbeling) Oceanography: (1) downward displacement (downwelling) of ocean surface water in regions where surface water masses converge (cf upwelling). (2) The mixing of two parcels of water with the same density but different temperature-salinity properties producing a mixture with a greater density than that of the constituents. camouflage (crypsis) camuflaje, cripsis, mimetismo Coloration and/or body form that makes animals difficult to distinguish from their backgrounds, thus reducing predation. Light output may be used cryptically by pelagic luminescent organisms. canalization canalización Evolution: (1) Developmental stability (inflexibility) where the same phenotype is produced in a wide range of genetic and environmental backgrounds. Development is such that all the different genotypes have a standard phenotype over the range of environments common to that species. (2) Convergent evolution driven by restricted range of possible responses to environment, eg development of streamlined or fusiform body shape in fast-swimming organisms (eg tunas, pelagic sharks, ichthyosaurs, odontocete whales)
The study of crabs and other crustaceans. carnivorous carnívoro Heterotrophic consumption of live animal matter; flesh-eating (cf omnivorous, herbivorous, detritivorous). carrying capacity capacidad de carga Ecology: The maximum population of a given organism that a particular environment can sustain; the K (saturation) value for growth of a species population following the logistic (qv) (sigmoid) growth model.
Applied to migratory behavior of organisms that spend most of their lives in freshwater but travel to the sea to breed, eg the American and European eels (Anguilla) travel to the Sargasso Sea to spawn (cf diadromous, anadromous). category categoría Taxonomy: The rank or level in the Linnean hierarchy to which a given taxon is assigned. center of origin centro de origen A region, typically in the tropics, that exhibits the greatest diversity (species richness) within a taxon, and regarded as the region of origin of that taxon.
Hypothesis that areas of evolutionary diversification (centers of origin) are sites of origin of new (apomorph, advanced) taxa that supplant (extirpate) preexisting (plesiomorph, primitive) taxa and spread outward via dispersal from the center of origin (cf generalized track/vicariance approach; cladistic biogeography). central gyre vórtice central, giro central Oceanography: the anticylonic (qv) circulation pattern in the subtropical regions of the open ocean basins (cf central region). central region región central Oceanography: An area of sea surface underlain by one of the central principal upper water masses (eg North Atlantic Central, Indian Ocean Central, Eastern North Pacific Central, etc.). central water agua central One of the principal central upper water masses, originating in winter by cooling of relatively salty subtropical surface water, sinking and mixing (to some extent), to form upper water masses between the main thermocline and the stratum of Antarctic Intermediate Water (where present: upper boundary of AAIW at about 800 - 1000 m). central-gyre species especie de giro central A species limited to or most abundant within one of the main subtropical anticyclonic gyral systems.
Synonym of central region (qv). central-water species Synonym of central gyre species (qv). centrifugal speciation especiación centrífuga The hypothesis that most speciation events occur as a result of the isolation of small peripheral populations at the edge of a much larger species "track" (range), resulting from both the much smaller population size and differential selection pressures in environments or areas at the extreme limits of the species range. cetology cetología The study of cetaceans: whales, dolphins and porpoises. character caracter Systematics/Evolution: Any detectable attribute or property of the phenotype of an organism. Character expression is often divided into continuous or discrete, quantitative or qualitative character states.
An increase in differences (often morphological) between two species where the species occur together, compared to the differences between them where they occur separately.
One of two or more expressions of the range of variation of a character (there are no univariate characters, in the simplest case a character is either present or absent, hence a minimum of two states (this reduction is often taxonomically uninteresting)). States may be discrete or continuous, quantitative or qualitative, and may involve any feature whatever expressed by the organism (cf correlated characters). character state tree árbol de estados de caracter The linear or branching sequence of character states in a transformation series (qv). chemical stratification estratificación química Oceanography: The layering of water defined by different chemical constituency than overlying and/or underlying water types. An extreme example: the hot brines at the bottom of the Red Sea basins. chemoheterotroph quimioheterótrofo Chemotrophic (qv) organism that obtains its energy chiefly from organic compounds. chemolithotroph quimiolitotrófico Chemotrophic (qv) organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds or elements (cf chemoheterotroph).
Orientation or directed movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus. chemotrophic quimiotrófico Of or pertaining to organisms that obtain their energy from chemical sources and not from sunlight (cf phototrophic). chlorinity clorinidad A measure of chloride and bromide ion concentration in sea water, used in estimating salinity, where salinity = 1.80655 times the chlorinity.
A layer in the sea where the concentration of chlorophyll is highest, indicating the presence of "shade-tolerant" phytoplankton. These are adapted to low levels of light intensity, and revealed as a subsurface peak in chlorophyll concentration at depths of 60 to 100 to 150 m. Especially evident in the open subtropical Pacific and Atlantic, thought to be a permanent feature within these central gyral areas. chorology corología The description and delimitation of the distributional ranges of taxa (cf biogeography, faunistics, floristics).
Diel pattern of various metabolic or behavioral activities which may persist even when the light regime (L:D) is artificially altered; thought to be controlled by an endogenous biological clock. Yüklə 0,85 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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