Glossary of pelagic biogeography r. K. Johnson†, B. J. Zahuranec*, D. Boltovskoy and A. C. Pierrot-Bults
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equatorial ecuatorial In reference to the area of one or more of the equatorial principal upper water masses or to the Atlantic equatorial area. equatorial region región ecuatorial An area of sea surface underlain by one of the equatorial principal upper water masses (Eastern Tropical Pacific, Pacific Equatorial, Indian Equatorial,or, in the Atlantic, lying astride the equator, approximately 10° N to 10°S, but broader latitudinally in the east than in the west). equatorial species especie ecuatorial A pelagic oceanic species found in or limited to one or more equatorial regions. equatorial trough zona de baja presión ecuatorial See Intertropical Convergence Zone. equilibrium hypothesis hipótesis de equilibrio Hypothesis that a community reaches maximum diversity when species richness and equitability are stabilized, and that, following a disturbance, the community will recover to pre-existing levels of species richness and equitability. equitability equitabilidad Ecology: A measure of the proportional evenness of occurrence of individuals among all component species of a community. Mathematically: E = H'obs/H'max, where H' is the Shannon-Wiener information theory index of diversity, H'obs is the value observed, and H'max is the maximum value of H' for the number of taxa and individuals comprising the community (cf diversity index, species richness). error (1) Statistics: Deviation of observed value from expected value, as in Type I and Type II error; (2) Taxonomy: In nomenclature an unintentional incorrect spelling, such as a typographical error. estuary estuario A semienclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and in which typically seawater is measurably diluted with freshwater derived from land drainage (cf negative estuary, neutral estuary).
Oceanography: Measurement of currents in which the velocity (speed and direction) is stated at every point in the fluid (cf Lagrangian measurement). The classic method of Eulerian measurement is a simple propeller-type flowmeter.
In marine ecosystems the main area of the littoral (qv) zone lying below the littoral fringe and above the sublittoral.
Topmost stratum of water where daytime light intensity is sufficient to support a net positive rate of photosynthesis (primary production), above the compensation depth (qv).
Prefix, meaning wide. euryhaline eurihalino Organisms with a broad range of tolerated salinities. eurythermal euritérmico Organisms with tolerance to a wide temperature range. eurytopic euritópico Able to withstand a wide variety of environmental situations and/or found in a wide variety of habitats.
Applied to worldwide changes in sea level caused by tectonic movement or by the growth and decline of continental glaciers.
Rich in inorganic nutrients, capable of sustaining high levels of primary production in the presence of sufficient insolation and water column stability (cf. oligotrophic, dystrophic). eutrophication eutroficación, eutrofización The process of enriching an environment with nutrients. Usually applied to the case of over-supply of nutrients by human activities. even regular Ecology: One of three generally-used descriptors of the spatial distribution (dispersion) of a species. If the question is: "Given the location of one individual, what is the probability that another is nearby?" (1) Probability increased = aggregated; (2) Probability decreased = even; (3) Probability unaffected = random. Even distributions are regular; at maximum evenness the distribution is like a planar crystal lattice. evolution evolución Descent with modification. A permanent change in gene frequencies in a population. The cumulative effect of such change over time.
A major "school" of phylogenetic reasoning: basically akin to cladistics but incorporating the belief that obtaining an estimate of genetic divergence is as or more important than propinquity of descent in assessing relationships. (cf phenetics, cladistics). exclusive species especie exclusiva Species limited to a specific community (cf accidental, indifferent, preferential, selective species). excursion excursión Oceanography: The range of variation in a physical, chemical or biological parameter over a stated time period. Usually recurrent (eg seasonal), as in the annual excursion of mixed layer temperatures at a stated position (eg about 5o C to 14o C at 50o N, 145o W).
Recurring behavior patterns whose behaviors are cued and maintained by external factors (cf endogenous rythms, zeitgeber). expatriation expatriación Export of members of a population to an area(s) in which continuous immigration is required to sustain the population (cf allogenetic plankton, waifs).
A model of population growth explicitly stated as dN/dt = rN where N is the number of individuals alive at any time t and r is the intrinsic rate of population increase (which in this, the simplest case, is constant for all values of N). extinction extinción The elimination of all individuals of a taxon, such that no living individuals remain. extirpation The elimination of all individuals of a taxon from a specific geographic region or area. F facies Paleontology: Sum total of features that reflect the specific environmental conditions under which a given rock formation was formed or deposited - conditions may be lithological, sedimentological, or faunal.
Contingent; assuming a particular role or mode of life but not restricted to that condition (cf obligate); eg facultative cleaning symbiont.
Condition that occurs in the autumn in temperate regions when surface waters cool and become dense enough to sink and displace deeper waters, used especially with reference to lakes. family familia Taxonomy: Category including one genus or a group of genera or tribes of common phylogenetic origin which is separated from related similar units (families) by a decided gap, the size of the gap being in inverse ratio (sometimes) to the size of the family . fauna The animal life of a given region (cf flora, biota) or geological period. faunal boundary límite faunístico See barrier, boundary region. faunal province provincia faunística A large geographical area that is a biological division of the earth's surface containing a fauna more or less peculiar to it. Endemism is the most commonly used criterion in defining such provinces although both evolutionary (area cladograms, etc.) and ecological (comparative dominance hierarchies) criteria may be used. The distinction between faunal (or floral) province vs region vs realm, etc., is nowhere rigorously defined (or at least not widely accepted). faunal stratification estratificación faunística Faunal classification by estimate of antiquity of faunal group membership. faunistics faunística The study of fauna's or faunal assemblages feeding guild gremio alimentario A group of heterotrophic (qv) species, not necessarily taxonomically related, that feed in similar ways on similar organisms or nutrient sources (cf. depensatory compensation). Ferrell Cell See Hadley Cell. fidelity fidelidad Ecology: The degree of restriction of a particular species to a particular habitat, community or association.
Biogeography: Route along which dispersal is likely for some groups but not others; a semibarrier. fine-grain exploitation alimentación no selectiva Use of resources, particularly food resources, nonelectively but harvesting them in direct proportion to their occurrence in the environment (cf coarse-grain exploitation, electivity).
Fisheries biology: Unforgivable fisheries jargon distinguishing vertebrate fishable species from invertebrate fishable species.
Scottish name for a sea inlet, generally relatively deep and narrow. fisheries biology biología pesquera Study of the biology of exploited populations of fishes and other aquatic organisms, and of exploitation and management techniques (cf ichthyology).
Evolution: Relative probability of survival and reproduction of a given genotype within a population. Sometimes referred to as Darwinian fitness. fjord fiordo Long narrow U-shaped coastal inlet usually representing the seaward edge of a glaciated valley that has been partially submerged.
Aquatic plants that float on or just below the surface of the water. May refer to marine or freshwater plants including algae. flood tide marea creciente Incoming tide or rising tide in the tidal cycle (cf ebb tide). flora The plant life of a given region (cf fauna, biota) or geological period. floristics florística The biogeography of plants (cf phytogeography). flotsam Debris floating at sea surface or washed onshore, usually derived from the wreckage of a vessel or lost from a vessel at sea (cf jetsam).
Of or referring to rivers or river valley ecosystems (cf rhithron). fluviatile lótico Lotic (qv); inhabiting rivers and streams (cf rhithron). food chain/food web cadena alimentaria, red alimentaria Ecology: conceptualization to illustrate the transfer of energy from primary producers (autotrophs) through a series of consumers (herbivores, carnivores). Termed a food chain when few or no side branches are represented and a food web as the complexity of the illustrated hierarchy increases. food chain magnification magnificación alimentaria Usually refers to accumulation of non-excreted or metabolized compounds or materials, often toxic, in greater concentrations at each step of consumption in a food chain. Examples: ciguatera or DDT accumulation. forage fish Fisheries biology: General term for economically unimportant fish, usually of smaller size, considered to be food or forage for larger, economically important fish, either commercial or sportfish species. foraminiferan ooze fango de foraminíferos, cieno de foraminíferos A calcareous deepsea sediment in which 30% or more of the material is composed of the tests of foraminifera.
Functions that energize, control and canalize the outcome of a particular set of events, used particularly to refer to physical phenomena such as the effect of wind fields on ocean current systems. Originally referred to mathematical functions in the appropriate mathematical modeling efforts for the study of physical oceanographic forcing. forma forma Systematics: Undefined infraspecific ranking where recognizable within species variation occurs, related to geography or ecology, but where available information does not allow informed supposition as to cause, whether genetic or ecotypic or both. The category "forma" has no formal recognition in the ICZN (qv) or ICBN (qv).
Geology: Fundamental unit used in lithostratigraphy. Specific features such as chemical composition, origin (sedimentary, volcanic, metamorphic), fossil content, etc., serve to distinguish rock formations. Formations may be subdivided into members and together several formations may constitute a group. Formenkreis círculo de formas An aggregate of allopatric subspecies or species; superspecies. founder effect efecto fundador The genetic effect of establishment of an isolated population by one or a very few individuals representing a very small fraction of the genetic pool from which it (they) are drawn. Selection may soon yield genetic combinations quite different from those found in the ancestral population. fragility fragilidad Ecology: A measure of the difficulty or likelihood of restoration of a community or ecosystem to preexisting structure and function following a major perturbation (cf resilience). free-swimming libre nadador The ability of an aquatic organism to move actively under its own locomotive efforts. Generally used to describe the motile stages of larger organisms such as fish or crustaceans which have demersal or planktonic eggs or larval stages. Implies some degree of independence from pure advection by water movements. (cf nekton) freshwater aguas dulces Water having a salinity less than 0.5 ppt. fringing reef arrecife de orla, arrecife costanero Geological structure, generally of biological origin (usually a coral reef (qv)) along the border of a land mass (continent or island), lacking a lagoon or substantially so. front frente Oceanography/Meteorology: Boundary or boundary region separating water or air masses of different origins and characteristics. fugitive species especie fugitiva, especie oportunista Ecology: Species typically found only in unstable or periodically extreme environments. Fugitive species typically have high "r" (cf r-selection) values, and can achieve initial high population abundances but tend to be displaced by competitively superior species early in succession (qv). Also called opportunistic species.
Interpretation of the function of an organism or organ system by reference to its shape, form and structure.
Ecology: A change in the rate of predation by an individual predator in response to a change in density of the prey (cf numerical response).
Ecology: Entire set of optimal conditions under which an organism is able to live and reproduce, in which the organism faces no negative coactive effects and in which the physical environment is optimal (cf realized niche). furiotile Pertaining to any partially disjunct body of water that connects with the main body only during high water. G game fish peces deportivos Fisheries biology: General term for those species of fishes that are taken by sportsmen via hook and line fishing as contrasted with nongame or commercial species. gamma taxonomy taxonomía gamma That aspect of taxonomy (qv) concerned with intraspecific populations as well as with phylogenetic trends.
The concept of competitive exclusion (qv). Gelbstoff A complex mixture of natural compounds (including humic acid) dissolved in seawater, characterized by light absorbance that increases with decreasing wavelength, giving yellow color to the water. gene flow flujo génico Movement of genes within an interbreeding group that results from mating or gene exchange with immigrant individuals. Such an exchange may occur in one direction or in both directions. gene frequency frecuencia génica The proportion of one allele to the total of all alleles at the same locus in the gene pool.
Ecology: A species having a broad habitat range or food preference (cf specialist). generalized track paso generalizado, rama generalizada The pattern formed by overlaying individual tracks (cf track) of OTU's (qv) on a map and noting the area(s) of concordance in distribution. Where concordant the pattern is said to form a generalized track. Derived from Croizat's Panbiogeography and utilized in vicariance biogeography, but in fact independently used in pelagic biogeography before and concurrently, minus the terminology.
The essential method of vicariance biogeography which is based on the following steps: (1) look for concordance in the distribution or organisms; (2) attempt to understand disjunctions between putatively continuous generalized tracks in light of vicariance (qv) events (cf center of origin / dispersal approach; cladistic biogeography). generation generación (1) Biology: Formation of ...; production of ... (2) Ecology: All of the individuals produced within a single life cycle.
(1) Genetic changes in populations caused by stochastic phenomena rather than by selection. (2) Random fluctuations of gene frequencies in a population such that the genes are not a perfectly representative sampling of the parental gene frequencies. Effects are more marked in small (such as founder) populations in which drift gives rise to random fixation of alternative alleles (qv). genetic equilibrium equilibrio génico Equilibrium in which the frequencies of two alleles (qv) at a given locus are maintained at the same values generation after generation. A tendency for the population to attain such equilibrium and resist genetic change (at that locus) is termed genetic homeostasis. genetic polymorphism polimorfismo génico The co-occurrence of two or more alleles (qv) at the same locus in a population at frequencies that cannot be accounted for by recurrent mutation (qv) alone (cf balanced polymorphism).
The study of heredity and variation. genotype genotipo Genetic constitution of an organism as opposed to the expression of that constitution (phenotype) which may be developmentally or environmentally canalized.
A category (qv) for a taxon including one species or a group of species, of common phylogenetic origin, separated from related similar units (genera) by a decided gap, the gap being in inverse ratio to the size of the unit (genus) (sometimes). geographic isolate población aislada geográficamente A population that is separated by geographic barriers from the main body of the species.
The separation of a gene pool by geographic barriers; the prevention of gene exchange between a population and others by geographic barriers. The usual starting point and requirement for the allopatric (qv) model of speciation (qv). geographical race raza geográfica See subspecies. geography geografía The study of areal differentiation of the earth's surface as shown in the character, arrangement and interrelationships over the world (or selected subarea) of such elements as climate, relief, soil, vegetation, surface currents, hydrographic properties, as well as the distribution of living organisms and their effects. geostrophic current (flow) corriente geostrófica A macroscale (qv) current in the ocean or atmosphere that is the product of balance between gravitational forces (the pressure field) and the Earth's rotation (the Coriolis Effect). The geostrophic approximation ignores friction (as negligible) in the calculation of such currents. geotropic geotrópico Directional response (geotaxis or growth) to the gravity field. gigantism gigantismo The condition of being much larger than normal or exhibiting excessive growth; often associated with polyploidy (qv).
A type of foraminiferan ooze (qv) with Globigerina tests a major constituent. Gondwanaland Gondwana The southern supercontinent formed by the breakup of Pangaea in the Mesozoic (ca 150 million years BP) comprising the present South America, Africa, Arabia, Australia, Antarctica, India, and New Zealand (cf Laurasia). gonochorism gonocorismo Pertaining to a population in which the sexes, male and female, are separate and usually occur in about equal numbers.
(1) A group of organisms similar in level of organization; an anagenetic advance (cf anagenesis). (2) Distinctive functional or structural improvement in the organization of an organism. Grades may occur within a single lineage or be achieved independently in different lineages (eg "warmbloodedness" in tunas, birds, mammals and certain fossil reptiles) (cf clade). Yüklə 0,85 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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