Glossary of pelagic biogeography r. K. Johnson†, B. J. Zahuranec*, D. Boltovskoy and A. C. Pierrot-Bults
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Glossary of PELAGIC BIOGEOGRAPHY R.K. Johnson†, B.J. Zahuranec*, D. Boltovskoy** and A.C. Pierrot-Bults*** † formerly Grice Marine Laboratory University of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29412 USA Sadly Bob Johnson died before this Glossary was finished * U. S. Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA 22217, USA ** Univerdidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina *** Zoological Museum Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam,The Netherlands
the present definition; syn synonym We have not attempted to list names, much less diagnoses, for the taxonomic groups that are the principal players in pelagic biogeography nor the proper names of pelagic biogeographic regions or provinces as used by various authors. To have done so would have greatly increased the size of the Glossary, we believe to the detriment of its usefulness. Every term we list can be found in use in the literature and defined elsewhere. We have invented nothing, save our own interpretation. The usefulness, if any, of this work is our deliberate effort to bring together terms from what are in fact connected but commonly disparate disciplinary areas - biological oceanography, phylogeny, ecology, physiology, ichthyology, evolutionary biology, physical oceanography, chemical oceanography, biogeography, meteorology, and others. We thank our colleagues for their help in improving this work. The choices and omissions, deliberate or not, as well as the errors, are our own. “When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said in rather a scornful tone, “it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less.” Lewis Carroll (1832–98), English author, mathematician. Through the Looking-Glass, ch. 6 (1872). A abiotic factors factores abióticos (1) Physical or chemical parameters "forcing" (cf forcing functions) distribution patterns. (2) Nonliving forces or situations controlling or influencing the dynamics of living systems.
Ecology: A measure of population density, the number, mass or weight of organisms present in a defined area or volume ( cf standing crop / standing stock; P/B ratio).
(1) Pertaining to the zone of modal ocean basin depth, below 2000 m, lying seaward to and deeper than the bathyal (qv) zone. (2) Encompassing the ocean floor at depths between 2 and 6 km.
Applies to large-scale oceanic water movement, density-driven, at depths between 2 and 6 km.
A subdivision of the oceanic benthic environment at depths between 2 and 6 km. abyssopelagic abisopelágico A subdivision of the oceanic pelagic environment occupying the strata between 2 and 6 km. accepted name nombre aceptado Taxonomy: A name adopted by an author as the correct name for a taxon. accidental species especie accidental Rare species in a community ( cf Braun-Blanquet classification ), either chance invaders from another community or relicts from a previous community (cf exclusive, indifferent, preferential, or selective species). Acclimation aclimatación Response of an animal that enables it to tolerate a change in a single factor in its environment (eg temperature). (cf acclimitization). acclimatization aclimatación transitoria A reversible adaptive response that enables an organism to tolerate environmental change (eg seasonal climatic change).
Of or pertaining to littoral rocky shores as habitat. action spectrum espectro de acción Graphic depiction of the efficiency of different wave lengths of light in promoting a given photoresponse (eg in photosynthesis or phototropism).
A component of a biogeochemical (qv) cycle in which the nutrient or active substance exchanges rapidly between the biotic and abiotic components - usually smaller or much smaller than the reservoir pool (qv). adaptation adaptación (1) The condition of showing fitness (qv) for a particular environment, as applied to the characteristics of a structure, function, or entire organism. (2) The process by which fitness is acquired. adaptive peaks and valleys valles y picos adaptativos Symbolic contour map showing relative Darwinian fitness or adaptive value of genotypic characters or characteristics, represented by adaptive peaks (high fitness) and valleys (low fitness). adaptive radiation radiación adaptativa (1) Evolutionary divergence of members of a single phyletic line into a series of rather different niches or adaptive zones. (2) A burst of evolution with rapid divergence from a single ancestral form resulting in exploitation of an array of habitats (cf tachytelic, punctuated equilibria). adaptive zone zona adaptativa Comprises the "living space" of a taxon in the associated environmental regime or regimes, habitat or niche. The adaptive specialization that fits the taxon to the given environmental circumstances may be broad or narrow (eg stenophagy vs omnivory). adjacently sympatric simpátrico adyacente Of or pertaining to those aspects of a parapatric (qv) speciation event whereby the daughter species are minimally isolated geographically. admissable Taxonomy: The form of a name which can be validly published and the use of a name in accordance with provisions of the applicable international code, such as the ICZN (qv) for animals. adnate adnato Closely applied to; growing on; attached along entire length. advection advección (1) Mass motion in the atmosphere or ocean. In the ocean, the transport of water due to wind forcing or density driven circulation. (2) The transport of organisms or materials by large-scale water movement. (cf upwelling, convection). affinity index índice de afinidad Measure of the relative similarity of the composition of two samples. Reciprocal affinity is a measure of distance.
A category comprising individuals of a given age within a population; a cohort. age-specific death rate tasa de mortalidad específica The death rate for a given age class in a population calculated as the number dying in age class x divided by the number that attain age class x; designated by lx. age-specific fecundity rate tasa de fecundidad específica The average number of female young per female produced per unit time by an individual of specified age; designated by mx .
Species which replicate asexually. aggregated agregado A contagious distribution (qv) in which values, observations or individuals are more clustered or grouped together than in a random (qv) distribution, indicating that the presence of one organism or value increases the probability of another occurring nearby. Also known as overdispersion (qv). aggregates agregados (1) Oceanography: Inorganic or organic clumping of particles, with or without associated living organisms (cf marine snow). (2) Ecology: A group of individual items (soil particles, organisms, etc.) occurring together in a cluster, in which the average inter-individual distance within the cluster is significantly less than the average inter-individual distance outside of the cluster.
(1) The process of forming an aggregate or cluster. (2) A synonym for cluster. (3) A group of organisms that is formed when individuals are attracted or limited to a patchily distributed environmental resource (cf patchiness). agium Of or pertaining to a beach community. agonistic behavior comportamiento antagónico Describes behavioral interaction between two rival organisms of the same species that may involve aggression, threat, appeasement, or avoidance, often involving stereotyped or ritual behavior. air-sea interface interfase aire-agua The zone of contact between atmosphere and marine hydrosphere. aktological Of or pertaining to shallow inshore environments and communities. albedo albedo Reflectivity (eg of the earth, atmosphere, sea surface, land surface) measured as a percentage of incident solar radiation.
A finite series of logical steps or instructions by which a particular numerical or algebraic problem can be solved.
The set of alternative gene forms at a given chromosomal locus. allelopathy alelopatía Release by an organism of a chemical substance into the environment that acts as an inhibitor to the germination or growth of another organism. Most common among plants and protists. allochoric alocórico Occurring in two or more communities within a given geographical region. allochronic speciation especiación alocrónica (1) Neontology: Speciation without geographical separation through the acquisition of different breeding seasons or patterns. (2) Paleontology: Speciation occurring by the sequential replacement of species through time. allochronic species especie alocrónica Paleontology: Species which do not occur at the same time level (cf synchronic species). allochthonous alóctono Not indigenous or native; acquired. May apply to species, food or nutrient input, or to sediment transported to be deposited within the system of reference.
Differential rate of growth such that size of one part (or more) of the body changes in proportion to another part of the body or the whole, but at a constant exponential rate.
Species formation during geographical isolation (cf sympatric speciation, centrifugal speciation), as a result of fragmentation of the original breeding population and subsequent genetic divergence of daughter populations (cf parapatric, dichopatric). allopatry alopatria (1) The condition of species or populations occupying mutually exclusive (but often adjacent) geographic areas (cf sympatry). (2) Applied to species that occupy separate habitats and do not co-occur as breeding adults in nature. allotopic alotópico Used of populations or species that occupy different macrohabitats (cf syntopic). allotype alotipo Taxonomy: A paratype of different sex than the holotype and designated by the original author; has no formal ICZN status.
Genetics: alternative forms of alleles at the same locus. allozyme frequency frecuencia alozímica Allozyme frequency is the total number of times a given allozyme is detected among individuals in a sample, divided by sample size. By "one gene, one enzyme", allozyme frequency (where detectable and not modified by nongenetic factors) provides a direct index of allelic frequency at a given locus. alpha taxonomy taxonomía descriptiva Descriptive taxonomy (qv), concerned primarily with the recognition and description of species, usually on the basis of morphological characters.
Used of offspring or species that show a marked delay in the attainment of independent self maintenance. (cf precocial).
The daily, seasonal or lifetime geographic range of an organism. amensalism amensalismo Interaction of species populations in which one population is inhibited whilst the other population is unaffected by the interaction (cf commensalism, competition, mutualism, neutralism, parasitism, predation, and protocooperation). Classic example: an elephant stepping on the nest of a ground-dwelling bird. Better example: trophic group amensalism as in bioturbation effects inhibiting settlement of benthic suspension feeders. amictic amíctico Referring to a lake that has no overturn whatever because it is perennially frozen. amphi- anfi- Prefix meaning both, as in amphi-American, species or higher taxa occurring in both the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic, ie both sides of the American land mass.
See antitropical. anadromous anádromo Animals that spawn in freshwater but spend most of their lives in seawater, eg salmon (Oncorhynchus, Salmo).
(1) Referring to evolutionary advance (cf grade). (2) Any evolutionary change along a single, unbranching lineage (cf cladogenesis).
Describes a feature or character state in two taxa which can be functionally similar or virtually identical (at least superficially) but which cannot be traced back to the same feature or character state in any common ancestor. Analogous features commonly derive from convergence or homoplasy (cf homologous). The feature or character state itself is termed an analogy. ancestral character state estado de carácter ancestral Phylogeny: the known or presumed primitive state (qv) characteristic of the sister outgroup (qv) to the group of interest, (cf plesiomorphous). anomaly anomalía (1) Statistics: Abnormal feature or characteristic, departing from mean or expected value. (2) Oceanography: Departure from mean state. Various kinds of anomalies are widely used in oceanographic or geophysical measurements, eg magnetic anomalies are measurable additions to or subtractions from the expected local magnetic field due to "fossil magnetic effects" related to polarization reversals of the earth's field. These effects helped demonstrate seafloor spreading.
The absence of free diatomic oxygen, O2. As used in the pelagic literature, also applies to large hypoxic (qv) water masses in which free oxygen may be at or below the threshold of field detectability but in which hydrogen sulfide is not detectably present (eg Eastern Pacific, Arabian Sea).
Zone of the Antarctic (Southern) Ocean and the continent of Antarctica, including the subantarctic and south Subtropical Convergence (qv); extending from the continental margin northward to about 400S, the approximate limit of northward ice drift. anticyclone anticiclón Referring to an area of above average pressure (high pressure cell) in the ocean or atmosphere, characterized by generalized downwelling within the central region of the cell. The circulation pattern is such that when visualized from above, motion of a particle on the right side is southward in the Northern Hemisphere (clockwise) and northward in the Southern Hemisphere (cf cyclonic, gyre). antitrade wind viento antialisio Upper altitude wind in low latitudes that flows counter (poleward) to the lower altitude trade wind (qv). antitropical species especie antitropical Species occurring in the north and/or south subtropical and/or temperate zones but absent in the intervening tropical (equatorial zone). Biantitropical (or amphitropical) is used to describe this condition for the same species in both hemispheres.
The depths of the ocean in which there is no sunlight, in which the only light present is produced by bioluminescent organisms.
Phylogeny: Evolutionarily advanced (derived) character state. Applied to features shared by a group of organisms that distinguish these organisms from others. The term means "new featured" (cf derivative).
Pertaining to the benthic environment and benthos of the continental slope between 65 and 1050m; the upper part of the abyssal zone. archipelago archipiélago A group of islands. Arctic Ocean Océano Artico Smallest and shallowest (mean depth = 1,205 m) of the world's five main ocean basins. Area = 14,090,000 km2. The shallowness is related to the extreme width of the surrounding continental shelves, up to 1,700 km wide. Covered by floating pack ice, up to 3 to 4 m thick, over much of its surface. area cladogram cladograma de área A cladogram (qv) in which area names are substituted for species names (cf OTU). Steps in construction: (1) erect cladogram, (2) determine distribution of component OTU's, (3) substitute the names of areas occupied by those OTU's into the cladogram, (4) find the most parsimonious set of events accounting for the correspondence (and differences) between the phylogenetic and geographic cladograms. arenicolous arenícola Living in sand; psammic. Artenkreis círculo de especies A group of closely related species distributed as a partially overlapping mosaic within a geographic area.
Taxonomy: A classification based on characters of convenience, without regard to hypothetical phylogenetic relationships. Example: key to flora by color of flowers (cf natural classification). assemblage conjunto Ecology: Collection of plants and/or animals characteristically associated with a particular environment. Presence of the assemblage is commonly used as an indicator of that environment (cf random assemblage). assemblage zone zona de conjunto Paleontology: Stratigraphic unit or local level (horizon) of stratigraphic unit characterized by an assemblage of plants and/or animals. association asociación See assemblage. Atlantic Ocean Océano Atlántico One of the main oceanic areas of the world. Area = 82,441,000 km2 . It is relatively (on average) shallow (3,310 m), warm (3.73o C) and most saline (34.90 ppt), of the three warmwater oceans.
An island structure in the tropics or subtropics consisting of low sand islands with fringing or barrier coral reefs in a more or less ringlike structure surrounding a lagoon. Aufwuchs perifiton See periphyton. austral Southern. Pertaining to zonal areas south of the equator, usually applied to the temperate zone, especially the cold temperate (cf boreal).
A biogeographic realm indicating principally Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia and adjacent islands and coastal seas. Also applied to oceanic communities over semi-isolated basins and seas in this area. autapomorph autopomorfía Phylogeny: An apomorphous (qv) character state that is unique to a particular species or lineage in the group under consideration. autecology autoecología The study of individual organisms and populations, including demography, physiological ecology, behavior, and their relation to their environment. Usually applied to the study of a single species (cf synecology). autochthonous autóctono (1) Geography: Native in the sense of having originated (evolved) in the place in question. (2). Ecology: Indigenous or native. Applied to species, food or nutrient input, or sediment that was both produced and deposited within the area of reference.
Organisms adapted to streams and completing their life cycles in streams. autotrophic autotrófico Organisms (some procaryotes, some protists, most plants) capable of utilizing light energy and simple inorganic compounds and elements to produce energy-rich organic molecules, thus commonly referred to as primary producers (cf primary production). Yüklə 0,85 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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