Glossary of pelagic biogeography r. K. Johnson†, B. J. Zahuranec*, D. Boltovskoy and A. C. Pierrot-Bults
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espectro de partículas Distribution of biomass in different size categories determined by the diameter of a sphere equivalent in volume (v) to the original particle multiplied by the number of particles (n). patchiness agregación The tendency of many organisms, especially plankton to co-occur in dense swarms or clumps or aggregates (qv), or nekton, primarily fish, to co-occur in schools or other aggregations.
An organism that is the causative agent of a disease. Pathogens are usually microbes (viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc.). pathway ruta, camino, vía Possible route or path by which organisms were distributed or spread; synonymous with corridor (qv) or "track" (qv) (cf barrier, node).
A measure of the amount of genetically determined change that has occurred between any two points of a phylogenetic tree (cf cladistic distance, phenetic distance).
Dispersion (qv) or distribution of organisms, materials or phenomena in space and/or time. PAUP Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP). A widely used package of computer programs for phylogenetic analysis, developed by D. Swofford, Illinois Natural History Survey. PCA See principal components analysis. pedonic Pertaining to an inhabitant of the bottom community of a freshwater lake. pelagic pelágico (1) In aquatic systems applied to organisms, materials or processes found in the water column, removed or essentially so, from influence by contact with the bottom or the nearshore. (2) In ornithology, applied to seabirds that come to land only to breed. pelagic biogeography biogeografía pelágica Study of the distribution of pelagic (qv) organisms incorporating both historical and ecological approaches to biogeography.
A member of the fish families Clupeidae or Engraulidae inhabiting pelagic coastal systems. Certain species are very important in the ecology and fisheries of major eastern boundary current ecosystems. In many important respects pelagic clupeioids exhibit parallels in their ecology with some important mesopelagic fish groups. pelagic region región pelágica A biogeographically definable subdivision of the global pelagic environment. pelagium pelagobios A sea-surface community of the open ocean (cf neuston). pelochthium A mud-bank community. penetrance penetrancia Genetics: The proportion of individuals of a specified genotype who manifest that genotype as phenotype under a defined set of environmental conditions.
The tides (qv) of increasing amplitude occurring at the time when the moon is nearest the earth.
Events exhibiting cyclicity, recurring either regularly (predictably) or irregularly. periphyton perifiton Organisms attached to or clinging to stems and leaves of plants or other objects projecting above the bottom sediments of freshwater ecosystems.
Any disturbance. Physical, chemical or biological in origin, a perturbation produces measurable change in a community. The permanent effects of perturbation on a community, if any, are the subject of equilibrium vs nonequilibrium models of community structure. pessimal pésimo Least favorable; used to refer to values of environmental factors that are close to the tolerance limits of the organism, farthest from the optimal (qv).
Any material, usually a chemical of human manufacture, that is used against undesirable organisms (generally animals referred to in the vernacular as pests (qv)). pest plaga Any organism, usually an animal, with undesirable characteristics from the human perspective. - phagous Suffix; meaning feeding on, eating; eg ichthyophagous, saprophagous, scatophagous, etc. phaoplankton epiplancton superficial The surface plankton (qv) of the upper photic zone, within the top 30 m of the water column. phenetic distance distancia fenética A measure of the difference in phenotype between any two points on a phylogenetic tree (cf cladistic distance, patristic distance).
Phylogeny: Estimation of relationship by calculation of an overall, unweighted similarity value; a purely typological (qv) approach to determining and expressing "relationship" (cf cladistics, evolutionary systematics).
An environmentally induced phenotypic variant that resembles the effect of a known genetically-based variant, eg from gene mutation.
That phase during development at which the expression of a gene is most easily or visibly affected by externally applied factors.
A dendrogram (qv) expressing phenetic relationship (unweighted overall similarity) (cf cladogram). phenology fenología The study of the impact of climate on the seasonal occurrence of floral and faunal elements.
A sample or group of phenotypically similar organisms; used in numerical taxonomy to replace the term "taxon".
The totality of expressed characteristics of an individual (whether observed or measured), as a result of interaction between the genotype (qv) and the environment (cf ecophenotypic). phenotypic plasticity plasticidad fenotípica The capacity for marked variation in phenotype as a result of environmental influences on expression of the genotype during development.
(1) The tendency of an individual to return to or stay in its home area. (2) The tendency of members of a stock (qv) or population to return to the natal breeding/spawning grounds to reproduce as in salmon or Atlantic herring. - philous Suffix; meaning loving, thriving in; eg dendrophilous, helophilous, pelagophilus. phoresy foresis Method of dispersal in which an animal clings to the body of a much larger animal of another species and is carried some distance before releasing its grasp.
Zone in which organisms exhibit behavioral or physiological response to day/night changes in light level. (cf euphotic). photoperiodism fotoperíodo The response of an organism to periodic often rhythmic changes in either the intensity of light, or, more usually, to increasing or decreasing daylength.
Luminous organ - a discrete morphological structure which contains all of the necessary chemistry for bioluminescence, normally neuronally controlled - found in a variety of deepsea (and some coastal marine) fishes and other organisms. phototrophic fototrófico Of or pertaining to organisms that obtain their energy from light reactions; autotrophs (qv) (cf chemotrophs, heterotrophs). phototropic fototrópico Tropic response (directional orientation and/or movement) of an organism to the stimulus of light; also termed heliotropic (qv) in more direct reference to the sun.
Pertaining to ground water. - phyceae Suffix; the ending of a name of a class in botanical nomenclature. - phycidae Suffix; the ending of the name of a subclass in botanical nomenclature. phycocoenology ficocenología Study of algal communities. phyletic gradualism graduaismo filético New species (forms, series, taxa) arise over time through gradual and continuous phyletic transformation, believed to proceed at a slow and constant rate; (cf anagenesis).
Dendrogram (qv) representing a hypothesis of phylogeny (qv). phylogeny filogenia Evolutionary relationships within and between taxonomic levels, especially the patterns of lines of descent.
Oceanography: Applies to physical oceanography and oceanographers ("physicists"). Essentially the study of the forcing functions (qv) helping to explain dynamic processes in the oceanic hydrosphere and the distribution of oceanic physical properties (temperature, light, pressure, flow fields, etc). physiognomy fisionomía (1) Ecology: The form and structure of natural communities. (2) Systematics: The body form and appearance of individual organisms.
The study of the functioning of organisms in relationship to their environment. phytobenthos fitobentos Autotrophic benthic organisms. phytogeography fitogeografía The biogeography of autotrophs, especially plants. This branch of biogeography is also known as floristics.
Autotrophic (cyanobacteria, protists, plants) plankton (qv). phytosociology fitosociología Description of plant communities, especially their classification based on floristic rather than life form or other physiognomic criteria.
Used of organisms that inhabit small pools of water within or upon plants (phytotelmata).
Plankton (qv) with maximum dimensions on the order of 0.2 - 2.0 microns pioneer pionero Ecology: The first species or assemblage to colonize or recolonize a barren or disturbed area, thereby commencing a new ecological succession.
Prefix meaning oblique, as in plagiotropism, an orientation response at an oblique angle to the vertical.
Motile; possessing motile or swarming stages. plankter plancter An individual planktonic organism; phytoplankter; zooplankter. plankton plancton Pelagic organisms incapable of maintaining their distribution against the movement of water masses (cf. nekton). Commonly viewed as passive drifters although many are capable of considerable vertical migration. plasticity plasticidad The capacity of an organism to vary morphologically, physiologically or behaviorally in response to environmental fluctuations.
Unifying concept encompassing continental drift (qv), seafloor spreading, and other major dynamic geophysical process including volcanism and seismic events. The concept is one of a lithosphere of rigid plates of crust and upper mantle material "riding" upon a deformable æsthenosphere. The driving force is presumed to be heat derived through decay of radioactive elements within the earth. pleio - Prefix meaning more. pleiotropy pleitropía The phenomenon of a single gene being responsible for a number of different phenotypic effects.
Taxonomy: The authority of the ICZN to suspend the provisions of the Code. plesiomorphous plesiomórfico Phylogeny: Primitive (ancestral) state of a character (as opposed to apomorphous (qv) or derived)(cf derivative).
Organisms permanently found at the sea surface, limited to the surface by their own buoyancy, often or typically extending into the air, and subject to wind drift (eg Sargassum, Physalia, Velella).
(1) Pertaining to or resulting from the action of rain or precipitation. (2) Used of a geological period or of a climate characterized by abundant rainfall.
Particulate organic carbon. Nonliving detrital suspended material in seawater, part of the seston (qv), which also includes living particulate matter (cf DOC).
Prefix meaning various, variable. poikilosmotic poiquilosmótico Refers to organisms that do not exhibit regulation of internal salt/fluid content relative to the external milieu over the range of conditions specified; osmotic conformers.
Organism that regulates body temperature by behavioral means only, if at all. In the vernacular termed "cold-blooded" (cf. homoiotherm). polar polarOceanic zone, at high latitudes, where sea surface temperatures exhibit an annual excursion from below 0°C to about 5° C. poly - Prefix meaning many. polygamy poligamia In animals a pattern of mating in which an individual has more than one sexual partner (includes polyandry and polygyny).
Quantitatively variable character (as expressed phenotypically) which is the result of interaction of a number of genes.
(1) euryhaline (qv). (2) The second most saline zone of an estuary based on the Venice System (qv) of classification of brackish waters. polymictic polimíctico Applied to lakes where waters are circulating (overturning) virtually continuously (eg in high altitudes in the tropics).
The existence of two or more forms (differing in phenotypic expression) that are genetically distinct but contained and maintained within the same interbreeding population. polynya polinya An expanse of open water in the middle of sea ice, often permanent or semipermanent. polyphyletic polifilético Phylogeny: An artificial grouping of taxa based on homoplasy (qv), convergently acquired apparent synapomorphy (qv), but not true synapomorphy.
Genetics: A condition in which the number of chromosome sets in the nucleus is a multiple (greater than 2) of the haploid numbers. polythetic politético A taxon of whatever rank that is not uniquely diagnosed by one or more autapomorphic (qv) character states but is defined by a combination of character states, a large proportion of which occur in most of the members but no single feature is uniquely possessed by all of the members.
Occurring in many localities or geographic areas (cf monotopic, syntopic). polytypic species especie politípica Divided into subspecies or genetically distinct populations, varying geographically (cf monotypic species).
The occurrence of phenotypic variation (cf phenotype) between populations or subgroups within a species that are geographically distinct. The main problem in studying the variation between such groups is distinguishing between ecophenotypic (qv) vs underlying genetic difference.
Pertaining to the deep sea. pool existencia Ecology: The total or partial quantity of a component, compound, material, etc. (cf active pool, reservoir pool). population población An infraspecific subdivision: an assemblage of organisms regarded as members of the same species, differing from other such assemblages, if any, in relatively panmictic gene exchange and in local differentiation. Unrigorously defined in most cases, the concept of population lies on the continuum between deme (panmictic) and species (reproductively isolated from other species) (cf stock). population biology biología poblacional The intersect of population ecology (qv) and population genetics (qv). population ecology ecología poblacional The study of populations (qv) in an environmental context, ie the study of physical and biological environmental parameters and their effects on the growth, age-structure and reproduction of populations. population genetics genética poblacional The study of gene frequencies and selection pressures in populations. population structure estructura poblacional The age and sex composition of a population, principally products of survivorship (lx) and age-specific fecundity (mx).
A "normal" estuary (qv) whose waters are of lower salinity than the adjacent sea (cf negative estuary, neutral estuary). post - Ecology: The total or partial quantity of a component, compound, material, etc. (cf active pool, reservoir pool). Prefix meaning after, behind, succeeding, later than.
Reproductively migrating from a lake or lentic body of freshwater into a tributary stream or lotic body of freshwater, eg sea lamprey stocks in the North American Great Lakes.
potamoplancton Planktonic organisms of slow-moving rivers and streams. potamous potámico Pertaining to the lower reaches of rivers and streams potential niche nicho potencial See fundamental niche. pre - Ecology: The total or partial quantity of a component, compound, material, etc. (cf active pool, reservoir pool). Prefix meaning before, in front of, prior to, earlier than.
Adaptation (qv) evolved in one adaptive zone (qv) (habitat, environment) which proves fortuitously advantageous in a different adaptive zone, allowing the organism to radiate into it. No selection for the alternate adaptive zone is implied. precedence precedencia Taxonomy: The order of seniority of available names or nomenclatural acts. precocial precoz Used of offspring or species that develop rapidly in obtaining independent self-maintenance (cf altricial). predation predación Interaction between species populations in which one organism, the predator, obtains energy (as food) by consuming, usually killing, another organism, the prey. Almost always refers to the consumption of one animal by another (cf grazing).
The consumer in predation (qv) coaction (qv). preferential species especie preferencial A species that is present in varying abundance in several communities (cf Braun-Blanquet classification), but especially abundant in one particular community (cf accidental, exclusive, indifferent, or selective species). prey presa The consumed in predation (qv) coaction (qv). primary production producción primaria The autotrophic fixation of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis, expressed as a rate per unit volume or per unitary area of sea surface per unit time. (typical oceanic units: mg-C/m2/day or g-C/m2/year). Gross primary production is rate of carbon fixation per unit volume per unit time. Net primary production is gross primary production minus respiration, and represents the fraction of captured and converted energy available for population growth of the autotroph and for herbivore consumption. primary succession sucesión primaria Succession initiated on a newly-produced bare area, with no living remnants of a previously-existing community (if any) (cf secondary succession).
Phylogeny: Preserving the character state(s) of an ancestral stage (taxon). The term may be applied to a single character (as a synonym of plesiomorphic) or to the whole organism or to a taxon.
Primitive; original; used of the earliest stage in the ontogeny or development of an organ or system.
A method of transforming the axes of multidimensional space in which observations occur such that the first axis explains the maximum amount of variance; the second axis (orthogonal to the first) explains the maximum of the remaining variance, and so on. The first 2 or 3 axes explain most of the variance. pro - Prefix meaning before, in front of, forward. probability probabilidad Statistics: The chance that a given event will occur. The probability of an impossible event is zero, the probability of an inevitable event is unity (ie 0 <= p <= 1).
See primary productivity, secondary productivity. profundal de profundidad Pertaining to the deep zone of a lake, below the level of effective light penetration. progression rule regla de la progresión In cladistic biogeography (qv), the idea that, in general, the most plesiomorphous (qv) members of a monophyletic lineage will be found in that area at or closest to the area of origin of the group, the most apomorphous (qv) will be found in those areas most distant.
Abundant; able to produce large numbers of offspring. promunturium A rocky seashore community. pros (pro) - Prefix denoting the positive condition. prospective potencial, posible, probable Potential; possible; probable (cf realized). protandry protandria Sequential hermaphroditism in which individuals are initially functional as males and later switch to being functional females.
An interaction of species populations (qv) in which both populations benefit but neither is dependent on the relationship (cf mutualism, amensalism, commensalism).
Sequential hermaphroditism in which individuals are initially functional as females and later switch to being functional males.
Biogeography: The place of origin. province provincia See biogeographical province. provincialism provincialismo See endemism. psamathium A strandline community of a sandy seashore. psammon The microscopic flora and fauna of interstitial species between sand grains. pseudo - Prefix meaning false. pseudo-oceanic pseudo-oceánico Species that are members of otherwise pelagic and oceanic groups that are obligatory or facultative in their strong association with bottom communities. Commonly associated with continental slopes or island margins. pseudopelagic pseudopelágico Synonym of pseudo-oceanic (qv). pseudoplankton pseudoplancton Organisms not normally planktonic occurring accidentally in the pelagic realm (cf tychopelagic) .
"Ecologically equivalent species" (qv); Unrelated or distantly related but ecologically equivalent species occupying separate and disjunct geographic areas.
Calcareous deepsea biogenic fine-grain sediment in which at least 30% of the sediment consists of shells / shell fragments of the small planktonic gastropods known as pteropods. pulsed forcing Forcing functions (qv) which cycle off and on (or weaken / intensify) in cyclic or rhythmic progression, eg the effects on ocean circulation of seasonally occurring monsoonal wind fields. punctuated equilibria equilibrio puntuados Evolution of new species (forms, varieties, taxa) concentrated in very rapid events, considered nearly instantaneous in terms of geologic time.
Zone of rapid change of density per unit distance (usually vertically). pyramids pirámide So-called Eltonian pyramids (qv) depict material/energy flow in a community. Commonly cited transfer rates (producer ==> herbivore ==> carnivore, etc) center on 10%, with the rest expressed as entropy or transferred to the decomposer chain (cf inverted pyramid). Q-mode modo Q Methods for analyzing data in which the observations (N) (records) form the columns and the variables or attributes (n) (fields) form the rows in a table or matrix (cf R-technique). quadrat cuadrado A delimited area for sampling flora or fauna, usually placed randomly, haphazardly or arbitrarily within the study area. A one meter square frame is a typical size. Quadrat may also refer to the physical sampling frame itself.
The time at which the sun and moon are approximately at right angles with respect to the earth, associated with neap tides (cf syzygy).
Descriptive, non-numerical. quantitative cuantitativo Numerical; based on counts, measurements, ratios or other values. quantum evolution quantum evolutivo A "burst" of evolution (cf punctuated equilibria). quiescent quiescente Being quiet, still, or at rest; inactive. Q10 Ratio of the speed of a reaction at a given temperature to that of the same reaction at a temperature 10° C lower. This ratio is approximately 2.0 for most biological reactions. R r vs K Basic terms of the exponential (qv) and (K) logistic (qv) models of population growth. In ecology a common oversimplification is an attempt to categorize species as either "r-selected" or "K-selected" (qv). R-MODE modo R Methods for analyzing data in which the observations (N) (records) form the rows and the variables or attributes (n) (fields) form the columns in a table or matrix (cf Q-technique). This is the more typical method of data organization. r-selection selección r Selection for maximizing the intrinsic rate of increase of an organism (r), so that when favorable conditions occur, eg dispersal into a newly opened habitat, the species is able to expand its numbers rapidly to colonize the area (cf K-selection). R-strategist R-estratega An r-selected species (cf r-selection; C-S-R triangle). race raza Interbreeding group of individuals genetically distinct from the members of other such groups of the same species. Usually these groups are geographically isolated (cf allopatry) from one another so that there are barriers to intergroup gene flow. radiation radiación (1) Ecology: any portion of the electromagnetic spectrum impacting life. (2) Evolution: The evolution of many different forms with many different adaptations within a single lineage (cf adaptive radiation). radiolarian ooze fango de radiolarios Siliceous deepsea fine-grain sediment in which at least 30% of the sediment consists of tests of the protists known as radiolarians. rafting Passive transport of organisms by solid nonliving objects, ranging from rafts of floating, downed vegetation at the sea surface to transport of entire floras and faunas via continental drift. random al azar, aleatorio A pattern of distribution where individual organisms are sparse in relationship to the total area (volume) and in relationship to the total number of samples, and where every possible sample locality has the same (low) probability of being occupied by the organism. In other words capture or noncapture in one sample is nonpredictive of capture or noncapture in a second sample from the same area. This distribution is well-approximated by a Poisson Distribution (cf even, aggregated) random assemblage conjunto aleatorio The concept that a community (qv) of organisms is found together on a random basis (cf superorganism concept).
Statistics: A table of numbers in which the probability of any number occurring at any one time is constant and independent of all preceding numbers.
The particular area occupied by an organism or group of organisms or included within its (their) ambit (qv).
A product of ordinal scaling (cf scale), the assignment of relative position (first, second, third, fourth,..., last) irrespective of absolute quantitative difference.
Relative abundance of organisms within a community ordered by rank, with the most abundant species assigned rank=1, the next most rank=2, and so forth. A common measure of community similarity in open ocean studies involves comparisons of rank-abundance. rare raro (1) Very seldom occurring; typical sampling distribution fits a Poisson. (2) Refers to a species known to exist in a community but that is often absent from a series of samples from that community. Rassenkreis circulo de razas A polytypic species, especially when the populations are naturally arranged in a zonal or meridional trend line, reflecting gene exchange and/or barriers thereto.
Actual or observed (cf prospective). realized niche nicho realizado, nicho efectivo Ecology: The actual constraints under which an organism operates - negative coaction such as competition or predation, suboptimal physical environmental conditions, etc. - ensure that the niche (qv) in which the organism operates in the real world has less breadth (qv) than that in which it could operate if the only limits were its own physiological tolerances and intraspecific interactive effects (cf fundamental niche). realm zona, área Major biogeographic region, eg Nearctic, Ethiopian (terrestrial); Antarctic, tropical or equatorial (marine). Also used for major ecological regions (eg pelagic, oceanic). recapitulation recapitulación Heterochrony (qv) that results in the appearance during ontogeny of development mirroring presumed rectilinear evolutionary change in a lineage. recruitment reclutamiento Fisheries Biology: First appearance of individuals of a fishable stock in the fishery - younger individuals are not taken due to size or location or both. rectilinear rectilíneo Used of growth or movement that follows a straight line trajectory, also orthogenesis (qv). recurrent group grupo recurrente A group of species that consistently co-occurs in samples from an environment, area or community. Consistency of co-occurrence is determined by pairwise calculation of similarity indices using presence/absence data from field samples. red clay fango rojo A pelagic (oceanic) sediment containing less than 30% material of biogenic origin (cf ooze); extremely fine clay mineral particles, accumulating very slowly, typically underlying the most oligotrophic areas of the subtropical anticyclones, covering about 38% of the deep ocean floor. red tide marea roja A marked bloom of aquatic plants, protists or procaryotes; typified by dinoflagellate blooms discoloring the water a reddish brown coloration, often with concomitant production of toxins and bioluminescence phenomena. (cf milky seas) reducers reducidores Ecology: Organisms, principally bacteria, that gain nutrition chemolithotrophically in anoxic environments using principally nitrate or sulfate ions as electron receptors, thereby reducing those compounds (eg denitrifying bacteria , sulfate-reducing bacteria). refugium refugio Small isolated area where extensive changes in environmental conditions, most typically changes in climate, have not occurred. Plants and animals formerly widespread in the region now find a refuge from the new and unfavorable conditions in such an unaltered location. Alternatively an area or environment in which a species otherwise displaced by competitive exclusion survives. region región See biogeographical region or realm. regression regresión Paleontology/ historical geology: the withdrawl of the sea from a land area (cf transgression). relationship (phylogenetic) relación (filogenética) (1) Evolutionary systematics: the relative closeness of two taxa in an evolutionary sense. (2) Cladistics: two taxa are each others closest relative (sister taxa) if and only if each shares with the other a more recent common ancestor than does either with any other taxon.
Applied to the distribution of organisms or taxa, perhaps formerly widespread, now surviving in a fraction of their former range or in an environment generally more specialized or less favorable than previously occupied. remote sensing monitoreo remoto Use of aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and other platforms to detect from afar electromagnetic cues (typically involving sensing of light, heat, uv emissions or reflections) concerning environmental conditions at the sea or land surface.
Population biology: the expected average per capita production of offspring per female. reservoir pool fondo de reserva In the biogeochemical cycle, that portion of the nutrient or active substance that is not actively in exchange but may be available to the organisms involved (cf active pool). residence time tiempo de residencia A measure of the chemical or biological reactivity of a substance in seawater and its rate of removal (typically to the sediments). Residence time is the ratio of the input/output flux of the material (assumed to be in equilibrium) to the total amount. resilience resiliencia Ecology: A stability metric, the rate at which a community or ecosystem returns to an original state following a perturbation (cf fragility). resource partitioning Yüklə 0,85 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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