Glossary of pelagic biogeography r. K. Johnson†, B. J. Zahuranec*, D. Boltovskoy and A. C. Pierrot-Bults
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trophodynamics trofodinámica Study and description of mass and energy flow in a food web or chain, including input of solar energy, and output via the decomposer chain and into the sediments.
(1) Oceanic zone where surface waters are at or in excess of 25° C throughout the year. (2) Pertaining to the zone between the Tropic of Cancer (23° 27' N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23° 27' S). tropical species especie tropical A species limited to the tropical zone (cf tropical). tropical submergence submersión tropical Hypothesis that amphitropical populations are continuous (in deeper water), following temperature isotherms (cf antitropical).
A species occurring in both the tropical and subtropical zones; for oceanic pelagic species, occurring in both central and equatorial water mass regions (qv) of one, two or all three warmwater oceans (cf warmwater species).
Change in directional orientation or movement, or (plant) growth, due to an external stimulus. tubiculous tubícola Tube-dwelling. turbid turbio Of or pertaining to water this is not clear, usually because it contains fine suspended particulate matter (cf nepheloid layer). turbidity current corriente de turbidez A form of density current. A downflow of water made more dense relative to surrounding waters by suspended particulate materials. Commonly initiated on a slope by strong wave action, seismic events or slumping. Such flows may reach the deepsea and indeed are credited with creating the peneplain-like abyssal topography of the western North Atlantic. turbulence turbulencia Eddy generation by a moving fluid or by an object moving through a fluid; dissipates energy.
Measure of the velocity of movement of an element or compound in a biogeochemical cycle (cf residence time).
Used of organisms that are normally benthic but have been carried up into the water column by chance factors, such as storm events.
A zoological or botanical object (specimen, indication, etc.) which serves as the basis for the name of a taxon.
The genus that is the type of a family level taxon. type species especie tipo The species that is the type of a genus level taxon. type-locality localidad tipo The locality at which a holotype, syntype, lectotype or neotype was collected. typological tipológico A classification approach based on the assumption of an idealized uniform body plan (type) with any variation representing imperfections in the expression of this form, AKA "pigeon-holing" (comparable concepts include eidos; essentialism; gestalt). U ubiquitous ubícuo, omnipresente Meaning "to occur everywhere", actually true of virtually no organism. Applied to the distribution of very broadly-distributed species. ultra-abyssal zone zona ultraabisal Hadal zone (qv) ultra-abyssopelagic ultraabisopelágico See hadopelagic. underdispersion (regular distribution) subdispersión (distribución regular) See even. unicellular unicelular Of or pertaining to single-celled organisms. universe universo Statistics: The entire statistical population. unweighted pair group method Phenetics: clustering OTU's joining the smallest branches of the dendrogram first and the two largest last; each step groups together that pair of OTU's showing the greatest overall similarity (without averaging) to each other. upper water masses masas de agua superficiales Principal tropical and subtropical water masses lying below the main thermocline and above intermediate water, typically between depths of 200 - 800 m.
Wind-driven upward movement of subsurface waters caused by displacement of surface waters by prevailing winds and Ekman surface drift (cf Ekman layer). Upwelling is an important source of nutrient replenishment in tropical and subtropical waters where it occurs (eg in eastern boundary current regions, equatorial divergence zones, in association with monsoonal wind fields, etc.) (cf coastal upwelling).
Floating close to shore. vagile errante Applied to an organism free to move about (cf sessile). vagility mobilidad (1) Freedom of motility of an organism. (2) The tolerance of an organism to a wide range of environmental conditions, may be qualified as "high" or "low". valid válido Taxonomy: Used of a name or nomenclatural act that is correct according to the provisions of the Code. (cf ICZN; ICBN)
The confirmation by data or a specialist that information is correct Venice System sistema de Venecia System for the classification of brackish water based on the chlorinity. vernacular name nombre vernáculo Taxonomy: The common name of a species or group; not used in accord with ICZN naming rules. vernal primaveral Of or pertaining to the spring season of the year, that period between the vernal equinox and the summer solstice, in the northern hemisphere from about March 21 to June 21 (cf autumnal). vertebrate vertebrado Organisms with backbones or vertebrae. vespertine vespertino Pertaining to evening; the civilized part of crepuscular (qv). vicariance biogeography biogeografía vicariante A "school" of biogeographical thought derived from Croizat's Panbiogeography. Supporters believe that disjunctions in ranges much more commonly derive from interposition of new barriers in formerly continuous ranges (dividing whole floras and faunas) than from chance dispersal events (affecting single species and populations (usually)). They basically reject sweepstakes routes and land bridges in biogeographic explanation. Two other major schools are the center of origin/dispersal approach (qv) and cladistic biogeography (qv). With respect to predicted location of plesiomorph taxa, the former predicts extinction of such species within the evolutionary centers, and their occurrence in sites / habitats peripheral to such centers. Cladistic biogeography predicts the reverse. Vicariance biogeography takes no position in this debate. (cf historical biogeography)
The geographical separation of a species by interposition of a new barrier, with allopatric speciation a quite likely consequence. Also the separation of formerly continuous floras and/or faunas. vitality vitalidad The condition or vigor of organisms in a community, mainly their capacity to live and complete their life cycle within the community.
(1) A single organism or small group of organisms found outside of its (their) normal range, presumably thereto advected by unusual current or weather conditions. (2) Members of a population which are predictably transported to a "sink", outside of their normal reproductive range where they do not reproduce (cf allogenetic plankton, expatriation). Wallacea Wallacea encompasses the eastern Indonesian seas, the major tropical seaway connecting the Indian and Pacific Oceans and their only tropical connection during Pleistocene glaciation. Wallacea lies between Wallace's Line (east of the Philippines and south to between Bali and Lompok) and Lyddecker's Line (west of New Guinea, east of Ceram and the Kai and Tanimbar Islands). warm core ring anillo de centro cálido A mesoscale (cf mesoscale feature)( anticyclonic gyre with downwelling at the center of the system, typically formed as an eddy from a western boundary current such as the Gulf Stream. May entrain localized populations for periods lasting weeks to months.
Species occurring in the open ocean between the subtropical convergences (ca 40° N to 40° S).
A species very broadly distributed in the warmwater ocean ie that fraction of the global oceanic environment between (about) 40° N and 40° S.
Here meant as principal water mass defined by a near constant and predictable envelope of temperature and salinity relationships (cf T-S curve, T-S envelope). Water mass properties imply a restricted locality or zone of origin, typically at or near the surface, at high latitude, in winter. water pollution contaminación acuática Any detrimental changes in water quality (temperature, chemical composition, etc) usually due to human activities. water-mass boundary límite de la masa de agua The (typically) ecotonal zone separating core regions underlain by the principal upper water masses (qv). The water mass boundary may affect the distribution of organisms, and does not extend to the surface of the ocean, although the vertical distribution of the organism may do so.
The concept that distributional boundaries of pelagic species and pelagic species assemblages are caused by ocean circulation, and associated with water mass boundaries. The cyclonic and anti-cyclonic gyres and boundary currents then form different biological provinces with climatic differences and different sets of nutrient and temperature characteristics . water-mass region A sea surface plot of the area underlain by the core (typical and diagnostic T-S envelope and other features) of one of the principal upper water masses.
The largest and most important ocean current in the southern hemisphere, flowing in an easterly direction around Antarctica. The total transport of this system, ca 100 Sv. (qv) is roughly two orders of magnitude greater than the total output of all the rivers of the world. Typified by low salinity (less than 34.7 ppt) cold temperatures (-1o to 5o C), and large sea waves and swell. western boundary current corriente de margen occidental The relatively deep, fast, narrow, low productivity near-coastal limb of the great subtropical anticyclonic gyres found on the western margin of oceans (especially the Atlantic and Pacific); eg the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Currents. wind forcing forzante de viento An event or series of events driven by wind energy. Such phenomena occur over a wide variety of spatial and temporal scales, from short-lived and local, to major ENSO (qv) and monsoonal events (cf monsoon) that can affect significant portions of whole ocean basins. winter kill mortalidad masiva invernal Death of large numbers of organisms due to adverse winter conditions. X, Y, Z x-axis eje x Horizontal axis of a two-dimensional graph -- the abscissa. xenogenous xenogénico Allochthonous (qv). xeric xérico A dry habitat, as opposed to wet (hydric) or intermediate (mesic) environments. Even environments with ample free water may be physiologically xeric, as in salt marshes and mangrove forests. y-axis eje y Vertical axis of a two-dimensional graph -- the ordinate. yellow matter Gelbstoff (qv) zeitgeber Any external stimulus that acts to trigger or phase a biological rhythm; a synchronizer. zenith cenit The highest point in the sun's daily traverse across the sky; position of the sun at local apparent noon. zonal Term used to describe objects or events mainly in a longitudinal (east-west) direction, eg the zonal flow of the equatorial currents and countercurrents (cf meridional). zonation zonación The distribution of organisms in distinctive and sequential layers, zones or areas. zoobenthos zoobentos Animals living on (epifauna(qv)) or in (infauna (qv)) the bottom. zoogeographic region región zoogeográfica Biogeographic region (qv), pertaining specifically to animals. zoogeography zoogeografía The study of the distribution of animals in all spatial and temporal scales, including both historical and ecological approaches. The biogeography (qv) of animals.
Heterotrophic (protists and animals) plankton (qv). zooxanthellae zooxantelas Endosymbiotic mutualistic dinoflagellates associated with hermatypic scleractinian corals and certain other marine invertebrate groups (eg tridacnid bivalves). SPANISH LIST OF TERMS (when the spelling of Enlish and Spanish terms is the same they are not in this list so please check also the main Glossary) A a lo largo de la costa = longshore abisal = abyssal abisobéntico = abyssobenthic abisopelágico = abyssopelagic abundancia = abundance aclimatación = acclimation aclimatación transitoria = acclimatization acomodación biológica = biological accommodation adaptación = adaptation adecuación = fitness adnato = adnate advección = advection afloramiento = upwelling afloramiento costero = coastal upwelling agregación = aggregation agregación = patchiness agregado = aggregated agregados = aggregates agua central = central water agua de talúd = Slope Water aguas cálidas vs aguas frías = cold-water vs warm-water aguas costeras = coastal waters aguas dulces = freshwater aguas salobres = brackish waters aislamiento = isolation aislamiento geográfico = geographic isolation al azar = random albedo = albedo albufera = lagoon aleatorio = random alelopatía = allelopathy alelos = alleles algoritmo = algorithm alimentación no selectiva = fine-grain exploitation alocórico = allochoric alóctono = allochthonous alóctono = endemic alometría = allometry alopatria = allopatry alotipo = allotype alotópico = allotopic alozima = allozyme altricial = altricial ambiente = environment ámbito = ambit amensalismo = amensalism amíctico = amictic amplitud del nicho = niche breadth amplitud ecológica = ecological amplitude anádromo = anadromous anagénesis = anagenesis análisis de componentes principales (ACP) = principal component analysis (PCA) análogo = analogous anfi- = amphi- anfitropical = amphitropical anillo de centro cálido = warm core ring anillo de centro frío = cold core ring anomalía = anomaly anóxico = anoxic antártico = antarctic anticiclón = anticyclone anticiclón subtropical = subtropical anticyclone apomorfo = apomorphous aptitud, adecuación = fitness árbol de estados de caracter = character state tree árbol filogenético = phylogenetic tree archipiélago = archipelago área = range área T-S = T-S envelope arenícola = arenicolous arquibéntico = archibenthic arrecife coralino = coral reef arrecife costanero = fringing reef arrecife de orla = fringing reef asimetría = skewness asociación = association atalón = atoll Australasia = Australasian Region autóctono = autochthonous autoecología = autecology autofecundación = selfing autogénico = authogenic autopomorfía = autapomorph autotrófico = autotrophic auxotrófico = auxotrophic ave marina = sea bird B bacterioneuston = bacterioneuston bacterioplancton = bacterioplankton barlovento = leeward baroclínico = baroclinic barotropismo = barotropism barrera = barrier barrera del Pacífico este = East Pacific Barrier barrera terrestre del Nuevo Mundo = New World Land Barrier barrera terrestre del Viejo Mundo = Old World Land Barrier batimetría = bathymetry batipelágico = bathypelagic béntico = benthic bentónico = benthic bentopelágico = benthopelagic bentos = benthos bioacústica = bioacoustics biocenosis = biocoenosis bioestratigrafía = biostratigraphy biogénesis = biogenesis biogenia = biogeny biogeografía = biogeography biogeografía cladística = cladistic biogeography biogeografía de islas = island biogeography biogeografía dispersiva = dispersal biogeography biogeografía ecológica = ecological biogeography biogeografía histórica = historical biogeography biogeografía pelágica = pelagic biogeography biogeografía vicariante = vicariance biogeography bioherma = bioherm biología marina = marine biology biología pesquera = fisheries biology biología poblacional = population biology bioluminiscencia = bioluminescence bioluminiscente = luciferous bioluminiscente = noctilucent bioma = biome biomasa = biomass biometría = biometrics biomonitoreo = biomonitoring biota = biota biotopo = biotope bioturbación = bioturbation bipolaridad = bipolarity borde de plataforma = shelf break braditélico = bradytelic C cadena alimentaria = food chain/food web cambio del nicho = niche shift camino = pathway camuflaje = camouflage (crypsis) canalización = canalization capa de mezcla = mixed layer capa de mínimo de oxígeno = oxygen-minimum layer capa difusora = scattering layer capa difusora profunda (CDP) = DSL capa nefeloide = nepheloid layer capa superficial = surface layer capacidad de carga = carrying capacity capa de Ekman = Ekman layer caracter = character caracter = trait caracter dicotómico = dichotomous character caracter merístico = meristic character caracteres correlacionados = correlated characters caracter poligénico = polygenic character carcinología = carcinology cardúmen = school carnívoro = carnivorous carta = map catádromo = catadromous categoría = category célula de Hadley = Hadley Cell cenit = zenith cenoclina = coenocline centro de origen = center of origin cetología = cetology ciclo biogeoquímico = biogeochemical cycle ciclo de vida = life cycle ciclo del taxón = taxon cycle ciclo hidrológico = hydrologic cycle ciclomorfosis = cyclomorphosis ciclónico = cyclonic ciénaga = helic (helium) ciénaga salina = salt marsh cieno de foraminíferos = foraminiferan ooze (CINB) Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Botánica = ICBN (CINZ) Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica = ICZN circulación abisal = abyssal circulation circulación de Langmuir, células de Langmuir = Langmuir circulation circulación termohalina = thermohaline circulation círculo de especies = Artenkreis círculo de formas = Formenkreis circulo de razas = Rassenkreis cladística = cladistics clado = clade cladogénesis = cladogenesis cladograma = cladogram cladograma de área = area cladogram clase de edad = age class clasificación = classification clasificación artificial = artificial classification clasificación de Braun-Blanquet = Braun-Blanquet Classification clasificación natural = natural classification clave dicotómica = dichotomous key climatología = climatology cline escalado = stepped cline cline gradual = smooth cline clorinidad = chlorinity clupéido pelágico = pelagic clupeoid coadaptación = co-adaptation COD = DOC Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Botánica (CINB) = International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica (CINZ) = International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) coevolución = coevolution cohorte = cohort colonia = colony color del océano = ocean color comensalismo = commensalism comensalismo = inquilinism competencia = competition comportamiento antagónico = antagonistic behavior comunidad = community comunidad climax = climax community comunidad de plantas acuáticas sumergidas = hydatophytium comunidad de torrente = rhyacium concepto de superorganismo = super-organism concept conexión terrestre = land bridge congenérico = congeneric conjunto = assemblage conjunto aleatorio = random assemblage conjunto de especie = species assemblage conspecífico = conspecific consumidor de material depositado consumidor de material en suspensión = suspension feeder consumidores = consumers contaminación acuática = water pollution contínuo = continuum convergencia = convergence convergencia subtropical = subtropical convergence convexión = convection COP = POC corología = chorology corredor = corridor correlación = correlation corriente de densidad = density current corriente de margen = boundary current corriente de margen occidental = western boundary current corriente de margen oriental = eastern boundary current corriente de turbidez = turbidity current corriente geostrófica = geostrophic current (flow) cosecha = standing crop cosecha máxima sostenible = maximum sustained yield cosecha óptima = optimal yield cosmopolita = cosmopolitan cosmopolita de aguas cálidas = warmwater cosmopolitan costero = nearshore, coastal coterminal = coterminous crecimiento determinado = determinate growth crecimiento exponencial = exponential growth crecimiento indeterminado = indeterminate growth crecimiento logístico = logistic growth cresta centro-oceánica = mid-ocean ridge criopelágico = cryopelagic crioplancton = cryoplankton cripsis = crypsis, camouflage cuadrado = quadrat cuadratura = quadrature cualitativo = qualitative cuantitativo = quantitative cuello de botella = bottleneck cuenca = basin curtosis = kurtosis curva de especies-área = species-area curve curva de supervivencia = survivorship curve curva T-S = T-S curve D de marjal = helic (helium) de torrente = torrenticoulous deficiencia de oxígeno = oxygen debt degeneración = degeneration dendrograma = dendrogram densidad = density denso-dependiente = density-dependent denso-independiente = density-independent depósito = sink de profundidad = profundal deriva = drift deriva continental = continental drift deriva génica = genetic drift Deriva Oceánica del Oeste = West Wind Drift derivativo = derivative descomponedor = decomposer desovar = spawn desove = spawn desplazamiento de caracter = character displacement detritívoro = detritovore, scavenger detritos = detritus día mareal = tidal day día sidéreo = sidereal day día solar = solar day diádromo = diadromous diapausa = diapause diastrofismo = diastrophism dicopátrico = dichopatric diferenciación = differentiation dimíctico = dimictic dinámica = dynamics disfótico = dysphotic dispersión = dispersal dispersión = dispersion distancia = distance distancia cladística = cladistic distance distancia fenética = phenetic distance distancia patrística = patristic distance distribución = distribution distribución binomial negativa = negative binomial distribution distribución contagiosa = contagious distribution, patchiness distribución en banda = ribbon distribution distribución relictual = relictual distribution distrófico = dystrophic disyunto = disjunct diurno = diurnal divergencia = divergence divergencia de Ekman = Ekman divergence diversidad = diversity diversificación = diversification diversificación del nicho = niche diversification dominancia = dominance dominio = domain domo = dome E ecléctico = eclectic ecofeno = ecophene ecofenotípico = ecophenotypic ecofisiología = physiological ecology ecología = ecology ecología de sistemas = systems ecology ecología fisiológica = physiological ecology ecología marina = marine ecology ecología poblacional = population ecology ecosistema = ecosystem ecotipo = ecotype ecotono = ecotone ectotérmico = ectotherm ecuaciones de Lotka-Volterra = Lotka-Volterra equations ecuatorial = equatorial efecto de borde = edge effect efecto de isla = island effect efecto fundador = founder effect efecto invernadero = greenhouse effect eficiencia ecológica = ecological efficiency eje x = x-axis eje y = y-axis electromorfo = electromorph elevación continental = continental rise emigración = emigration enanismo = dwarfism endemismo = endemism endobéntico = endobenthic endolítico = endolithic endotérmico = endotherm enriquecimiento = enrichment entrada = inlet epibéntico = epibenthic epifítico = epiphyte epilimnio = epilimnion epipelágico = epipelagic epipélico = epipelic epiplancton superficial = phaoplankton epitóquico = epitokous epizoico = epizoic equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg = Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equilibrio entre especies = species equilibrium equilibrio génico = genetic equilibrium equilibrio puntuado = punctuated equilibria equitabilidad = equitability errante = vagile escala = scale escala de Beaufort = Beaufort Scale especiación = speciation especiación alocrónica = allochronic speciation especiación alopátrica = allopatric speciation especiación centrífuga = centrifugal speciation especiación clinal = clinal speciation especiación estasipátrica = stasipatric speciation especiación parapátrica = parapatric speciation especiación simpátrica = sympatric speciation especialista = specialist especialización = specialization especie = species especie accidental = accidental species especie agámica = agamospecies especie alocrónica = allochronic species especie antitropical = antitropical species especie competitivamente dominante = competitively dominant species especie complementaria = complementary species especie críptica = cryptic species especie de aguas cálidos = warm-waterspecies especie de borde = edge species especie de giro central = central water species especie de profundidades medias = mid-depth species especie de profundidades medias = midwater species especie dominante = dominant species especie ecológicamente equivalente = ecologically equivalent species especie ecuatorial = equatorial species especie exclusiva = exclusive species especie fugitiva = fugitive species especie gemela = sibling species especie hija = daughter species especie indicadora = index species especie indicadora = indicator species especie indiferente = indifferent species especie instantánea = instantaneous species especie introducida = introduced species especie monotípica = monotypic species especie nativa = native species especie oportunista = opportunistic species, fugitive species especie politípica = polytypic species especie preferencial = preferential species especie selectiva = selective species especie sincrónica = synchronic species especie subtropical = subtropical species especie tipo = type species especie transicional = transition region species especie tropical = tropical species especie tropical-subtropical = tropical-subtropical species espectro de acción = action spectrum espectro de partículas = particle spectrum esporádico = sporadic estabilidad = stability estación = station estadío = instar estadística = statistic estadística no paramétrica = nonparametric statistic estadística paramétrica = parametric statistic estado de caracter = character state estado de carácter ancestral = ancestral character state estado seral = seral stage estática = statics estenofagia = stenophagy estenohalino = stenohaline estenotérmico = stenothermal estenotípico = stenotopic estéreotaxis = stereotaxis estímulo = stimulus estival tardío = serotinal estoa = slack water estratega C = C-strategist estratega competitivo = C-strategist estratega S = S-strategist estrategia del ciclo vital = life history strategy estratificación = stratification estratificación faunística = faunal stratification estratificación química = chemical stratification estratificación térmica = thermal stratification estratigrafía = stratigraphy estratocenosis = stratocoenosis estructura poblacional = population structure estuarial = ecronic estuario = estuary estuario negativo = negative estuary estuario neutral = neutral estuary estuario positivo = positive estuary estudio = survey euri- = eury - eurihalino = euryhaline euritérmico = eurythermal euritópico = eurytopic eustático = eustatic eutroficación cultural = cultural eutrophication eutroficación = eutrophication eutrofización = eutrophication eutrófico = eutrophic evento vicariante = vicariant event evolución = evolution evolución en mosaico = mosaic evolution evolución reticulada = reticulate evolution exclusión competitiva = competitive exclusion excursión = excursion exisencia = standing crop existencia = pool existencia = standing stock existencia activa = active pool existencias = stock expatriación = expatriation expatriado = waif explotación de grano grueso = coarse-grain exploitation explotación selectivo = selective exploitation extinción = extinction F facilitación social = social facilitation factor limitante = limiting factor factores abióticos = abiotic factors factores bióticos = biotic factors facultativo = facultative familia = family fango = ooze fango de diatomeas = diatom ooze fango de foraminíferos = foraminiferan ooze fango de globigerinas = Globigerina ooze fango de pterópodos = pteropod ooze fango de radiolarios = radiolarian ooze fango rojo = red clay fango terrígeno = terrigenous mud faunística = faunistics fenética = phenetics fenocopia = phenocopy fenograma = phenogram fenología = phenology fenómeno de El Niño = ENSO event fenón = phenon fenotipo = phenotype ficocenología = phycocoenology fidelidad = fidelity filogenia = phylogeny filopatria = philopatry filtro = filter fiordo = fjord física = physics fisionomía = physiognomy fitobentos = phytobenthos fitogeografía = phytogeography fitoplancton = phytoplankton fitosociología = phytosociology fitotélmico = phytotelmic floración = bloom florística = floristics flujo génico = gene flow fluvial = riverine fondo de reserva = reservoir pool foresis = phoresy formación = formation forzante de viento = wind forcing fotóforo = photophore fotoperíodo = photoperiodism fototrófico = phototrophic fototrópico = phototropic fragilidad = fragility freático = phreatic frecuencia alozímica = allozyme frequency frecuencia génica = gene frequency frente = front frente hidroquímico = hydrochemical front función forzante = forcing functions G generación = generation generación espontánea = spontaneous generation generalista = generalist género = genus género tipo = type genus genética = genetics genética poblacional = population genetics genotipo = genotype geografía = geography geotrópico = geotropic gigantismo = gigantism ginocórico = gynochoric giro monsónico = monsoon gyre giro = eddy, gyre giro central = central gyre Gondwana = Gondwanaland gonocorismo = gonochorism gradiente latitudinal de diversidad = latitudinal diversity gradient grado = grade graduaismo filético = phyletic gradualism gremio = guild gremio alimentario = feeding guild grupo hermano = sister group grupo recurrente = recurrent group H hábitat = habitat hacia tierra = inshore hadopelágico = hadopelagic haloclina = halocline halofílico = halophilic halofítico = halophyte heliotrópico = heliotropic hemianual = semestrial hemiplancton = hemiplankton herbívoro = herbivore hermafroditismo = hermaphroditism hermafroditismo sincrónico = synchronous hermaphroditism heteroconismo = heterochrony heterógrado = heterograde heterospecífico = heterospecific heterotrófico = heterotrophic heurístico = heuristic hibridación = hybridization hibridización introgresiva = introgressive hybridization híbrido = hybrid hidrobios = hydric hidrocórico = hydrochoric hidrófita = hydrophyte hidrografía = hydrography hidrología = hydrology hidroplankton = hidroplancton hidrotaxis = hydrotaxis hidrotectónica = hydrotectonics hiperbéntico = hyperbenthic hiperosmótico = hyperosmotic hipersalino = hypersaline hipodigma = hypodigm hipolimnio = hypolimnion hiponeuston = hyponeuston hipoosmótico = hypoosmotic hipótesis de equilibrio = equilibrium hypothesis hipótesis de perturbación intermedia = intermediate disturbance hypothesis hipótesis del centro de origen/dispersión = center-of-origin/dispersal approach hipótesis del tiempo-estabilidad = time-stability hypothesis hipótesis nula = null hypothesis hipóxico = hypoxic holobéntico = holobenthic holobentónico = holobenthic holofilétco = holophyletic holofítico = holophytic holopelágico = holopelagic holoplancton = holoplankton holotipo = holotype holozoico = holozoic homeotermo (endotermo) = homoiotherm (endotherm) homocedasia = homoscedasticity homoiosmótico = homoiosmotic homología = homology homólogo = homologous homónimo = homonym homoplasia = homoplasy horotélico = horotelic huésped = host hundimiento (de masa de agua) = downwelling hurgando = browsing I ictiología = ichthyology ictioplancton = ichthyoplankton iliófago = limivorous iliófago = limophagous índice de afinidad = affinity index índice de diversidad = diversity index indígena = indigenous infaunal = endobenthic infraespecífico = infraspecific infralitoral = infralittoral inmigración = immigration insolación = insolation interacción = coaction interanual = interannual interespecífico = interspecific interfase aire-agua = air-sea interface intraespecífico = intraspecific intrusión subsuperficial = subsurface intrusion investigación = survey irrupción = irruption isla continental = continental island isla oceánica = oceanic island isobara = isobar isobata = isobath isoenzima = isoenzyme isofena = isophene isoluma = isolume isometría = isometry isoosmótico = isoosmotic (isosmotic) isopicna = isopycnal isopleta = isopleth isostasis = isostasy isoterma = isotherm isozima = isozyme iteroparidad = iteroparity J jerarquía de dominancia = dominance hierarchy jerarquía taxonómica (linnena) = taxonomic (Linnean) hierarchy K K-selección = K-selection L lábil = labile lacustre = lacustrine lago hipersalino = salt lake lago salado = salt lake laguna costera = lagoon lance con red de apertura y cierre = closed net haul lance con red sin apertura-cierre = open net haul lance de red estratificado = stratified net haul latifénico = latiphenic lecitotrófico = lecithotrophic lectotipo = lectotype lenítico = lentic léntico = lentic lenítico = lentic leptofénico = leptophenic ley de Bergmann = Bergmann's Rule ley de Jordan, regla de Jordan = Jordan's laws ley del mínimo = law of the minimum ley del mínimo de Liebig = Liebig's law of the minimum libre nadador = free-swimming ligamiento = linkage limícola = limicolous límite biogeográfico = biogeographic boundary límite de la masa de agua = water-mass boundary límite faunístico = faunal boundary limnobios = limnium limnodio = limnodium limnología = limnology litoral = littoral localidad tipo = type-locality longevidad = longevity lótico = fluviatile lótico = lotic luminiscencia = luminescence lutícola = luticolous M macroescala = macroscale feature macroevolución = macroevolution macrófita = macrophyte macronutriente = macronutrient macroorganismos = macroorganisms macroplancton = macroplankton macrozooplancton = macrozooplankton magnificación alimentaria = food chain magnification magnificación biológica = biological magnification malacología = malacology mamífero marino = marine mammal manglar = halodrymium mapa = map mar adentro = offshore mar de Tethys = Tethys Sea mar epicontinental = epeiric sea, epicontinental sea mar interior = inland sea mar lechoso = milky seas marea = tide marea bajante = ebb tide marea creciente = flood tide marea de sicigia = spring tide marea roja = red tide marea semi-diurna = semidiurnal tide mareas de cuandratura = neap tides mareas de perigeo = perigean tides margen continental = continental margin mariscos = shellfish marisma = helic (helium) marisma de marea = tidal marsh marisma salina = salt marsh marjal salino = salt marsh masa de agua = water mass masa de agua de fondo = bottom water mass masa de agua intermedia = intermediate water mass masa de agua profunda = deep water mass masas de agua superficiales = upper water masses matriz de datos = data matrix máximo de clorofila = chlorophyll maximum mecanismo de aislamiento 1. Definición = isolating mechanism(s) 1. Definition mecanismo de aislamiento. 2. Categorías = isolating mechanism(s) 2. Categories. medición euleriana = Eulerian measurement medición lagrangeana = Lagrangian measurement megaplacton = megaplankton meiobentos = meiobenthos meromíctico = meromictic meropelágico = meropelagic meroplancton = meroplankton mesoescala = mesoscale feature mesopelágico = mesopelagic mesoplancton = mesoplankton metapoblación = metapopulation método de núcleo de masa de agua = core method mezcla = overturn mezcla de otoño = fall overturn microclima = microclimate microevolución = microevolution microhábitat = microhabitat micronecton = micronekton micronutriente = micronutrient microorganismo = microorganism microplancton = microplankton míctico = mictic migración = migration migración vertical diaria = diel vertical migration migración vertical diurna = diurnal vertical migration migración vertical inversa = reverse vertical migration milla náutica = nautical mile miltivariado = multivariate mimetismo = camouflage (crypsis) mobilidad = vagility moco = slime modelo = pattern modelo fuente-sumidero = source-sink model modelo tricelular = Tricellular Model modo Q = Q-mode modo R = R-mode monitoreo remoto = remote sensing monofilético = monophyletic monomíctico = monomictic monomórfico = monomorphic monotético = monothetic monotípico = monotypic monotópico = monotopic monsón = monsoon monsón NE = NE monsoon monsón sudoeste = Southwest Monsoon morfoclina = morphocline morfología funcional = functional morphology morfotipo = morphotype mortalidad masiva estival = summer kill mortalidad masiva invernal = winter kill móvil = motile muestreo de profundidades discretas = discrete depth sampling mutación = mutation mutualismo = mutualism N nanoplancton = nanoplankton natatorio = natatorial necton = nekton neontología = neontology neotenia = neoteny neotipo = neotype nerítico = neritic, coastal, nearshore nerítico-pelágico = neritopelagic neutralismo = neutralism nicho = niche nicho ecológico = ecological niche nicho efectivo = realized niche nicho fundamental = fundamental niche nicho potencial = potential niche nicho realizado = realized niche nictipelágico = nyctipelagic nieve marina = marine snow nivel trófico = trophic level nocturno = nocturnal nodo = node nomenclatura = nomenclature nombre aceptado = accepted name nombre vernáculo = vernacular name nominado = nominate nudo = knot nueva especie = sp. nov. números aleatorios = random numbers nutriclina = nutricline nutriente = nutrient O obligado = obligate occidental oceánico = oceanic Océano Artico = Arctic Ocean Océano Atlántico = Atlantic Ocean Océano Indico= Indian Ocean Océano Pacifico = Pacific Ocean oceanografía = oceanography oceanografía biológica = biological oceanography oligomíctico = oligomictic oligotrófico = oligotrophic omnipresente = ubiquitous omnívoro = omnivorous onda interna = internal wave onomatóforo, portador de nombre = onomatophore ontogenia = ontogeny óptimo = optimal ordenamiento = ordination organismos sensitivo = sensitive organisms origen = provenance orogenia = orogeny ortogénesis = orthogenesis ortoselección = kin selection osmoregulación = osmoregulation otoñal = autumnal P paidogénesis = paedogenesis paidomorfosis = paedomorphosis paleocirculación = paleocirculation paleontología = paleontology palingenético = palingenetic palustre = paludal palustre = palustrine panbiogeografía = panbiogeography pandémico = pandemic Pantalasia = Panthalassa paradigma = paradigm paradoja del plancton = paradox of the plankton parafilético = paraphyletic paralelismo = parallelism parámetro = parameter parapatria = parapatry parasitismo = parasitism parásito = parasite paratipo = paratype parsimonia = parsimony Yüklə 0,85 Mb. 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