Glossary of pelagic biogeography r. K. Johnson†, B. J. Zahuranec*, D. Boltovskoy and A. C. Pierrot-Bults
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circumtropical Species found in tropical and warm-temperate areas of the land and/or ocean throughout the world or at least very broadly distributed within the zone of the tropics. clade clado Phylogeny: A monophyletic lineage resulting from cleavage (cladogenesis) in an earlier lineage. Clade is applied to genealogically-related (share most recent common ancestor) organisms (as opposed to grade (qv)). cladistic biogeography biogeografía cladística Study of distribution based upon: knowledge of present distribution of taxa within monophyletic lineage, and estimate of phylogeny within that lineage. The approach is to account for the present distribution in the fewest presumed (deduced) vicariance or dispersal events consistent with that estimate of phylogeny. cladistic distance distancia cladística The number of branching points between any two nodes (qv) on a phylogenetic tree (cf patristic distance, phenetic distance).
A taxonomic theory of relationship based on estimates of propinquity of descent, by which organisms are ordered and ranked on the basis of the inferred most recent branching point in the phylogeny. The method requires strictly dichotomous branching, with sister (daughter) taxa supplanting the stem taxon (cf phenetics, evolutionary systematics). cladogenesis cladogénesis A branching sequence in cladistic theory. It presumes the origin of daughter species by dichtomous splitting of a stem species (cf anagenesis). cladogram cladograma A dendrogram (qv) based on cladistic principles; a strictly genealogical dendrogram in which no attempt is made to estimate or depict rates or amount of genetic divergence between taxa (cf phenogram). classification clasificación The arrangement into categories using common characteristics or affinities. climatology climatología The study of climate, ie of long-term environmental conditions that are associated in part with the presence or absence of various communities. In terrestrial systems the seasonal distribution of temperature and precipitation as well as insolation are important determinants; in the sea the seasonal distribution of insolation is the main determinant of climate, modified variously by advective hydrography. climax community comunidad climax Normally defined as the plant community in equilibrium with the zonal climate. In the sea a true climax community may be best exemplified by the seasonally monotonous central gyral areas. clinal speciation especiación clinal A form of allopatric speciation (qv) in which a vicariant event (qv) interrupts gene flow in a former cline.
A gradual and nearly continuous monotonic change in a property, whether environmental (physical, eg thermocline; or chemical, eg nutricline) or biological (eg clinal variation in a character). Clines can be smooth (qv) or stepped (qv) and can reverse in sign (increase or decrease from mean value). In biology typically applied to changes in gene frequencies or character states clinally distributed. closed net haul lance con red de apertura y cierre See discrete depth sampling. co-adaptation coadaptación Development and maintenance of advantageous traits benefiting one or both parties in a two-species interaction. Predator-prey and cleaning-symbiosis are examples of such evolving interactions in marine communities. coaction interacción Interaction; reciprocal action between members of a group or community. May take the form of competition, predator-prey interaction, symbiosis, etc.
Use of resources electively (cf electivity). Harvesting resources, particularly food resources, in disproportion to actual occurrence of resource in environment (preference). (cf fine-grain exploitation). coastal plain planicie costera A relatively flat land area adjacent to the sea. coastal upwelling afloramiento costero Upwelling (qv) of subsurface waters impingent upon or nearby a coast; upwelling inshore of the shelf break.
Ocean waters nearshore; the ocean region covering the continental shelves (cf neritic). coastal zone zona costera General term for the nearshore region of the ocean; that portion of the ocean most influenced by land effects and freshwater runoff. coenocline cenocline Gradient of communities along an environmental gradient, reflecting the changing importance or frequency of different species populations in the community (cf ecocline; superorganism concept). coevolution coevolución Complementary evolution (qv) or coadaptation (qv) of closely associated or interacting species.
(1). Population biology: Age class (qv). (2). Taxonomy: A taxonomic rank between infraclass and superorder.
A mesoscale cyclonic gyre (cf mesoscale feature) with upwelling at the center of the system typically formed as an eddy from a western boundary current such as the Gulf Stream. May entrain and isolate localized populations for periods lasting weeks to months. cold-water species An austral or antarctic, boreal or arctic, species typically in oceanic regimes, found at or poleward of ca. 40°N or 40°S.
In general "warm-water" includes all oceanic areas equatorward of the subtropical convergence zones (ca 40°N and 40°S). “Cold-water” includes generally includes all oceanic areas poleward of those zones. (cf cold-water species; warm-water species). colony colonia Ecology: Physiologically connected group of individual organisms incapable of separate existence or of limited such capability (eg non-reproductive) (examples include sponges, and many cnidarians, among others). commensalism comensalismo Interaction between species populations in which one species benefits from the interaction, but the other species is unaffected (cf amensalism, mutualism).
Ecology: Applied to any group of species found living together in a particular environment. Views of community organization range from random assemblages (qv) to communities as superorganisms (cf superorganism concept). In the open ocean the concept of a community has a wide range from assemblage(qv) to biome(qv). compensation depth profundidad de compensación In aquatic ecosystems, the depth at which light penetration is so reduced that the rate of photosynthesis just balances the rate of respiration. This is generally at a depth where light intensity is about 1% of full daylight. Also called compensation level (cf critical depth). competition competencia Ecology: Interaction between conspecific individuals or individuals of different species in which the growth and survival of all competing individuals is negatively affected as long as the competing individuals are present in the system. competitive exclusion exclusión competitiva The idea that two species with identical resources needs and utilization patterns may not indefinitely coexist in a stable environment (Gause's Principle or Rule). In this view one species will inevitably outcompete and eliminate the other species from the system. Commonly modeled by the Lotka-Volterra (qv) equations derived from the logistic model of population growth. competitively dominant species especie competitivamente dominante In a competition situation, the species that always "wins", extirpating the other, except where added predation by a third species or environmental manipulation may affect the competitive outcome. complementary species especie complementaria See ecologically equivalent species. concordant distribution pattern patrón de distribución concordante Congruence in the distributional tracks or ranges of species (or higher taxa), but can also refer to congruence in areas of maximum abundance of taxa. Widely used in open ocean biogeographic studies for determination of major ecosystem-assemblage areas, this approach, under the name generalized track, is the starting point of the vicariance biogeographer. congeneric congenérico Applied to species of the same genus. conservative property propiedad conservativa Oceanography: Characteristics of seawater that are nearly constant, changing only very slowly, such as salinity, density, refractive index and osmotic pressure (cf nonconservative property). Essentially they change only at the interface between ocean and atmosphere (evaporation, rainfall, etc), or land and sea (freshwater runoff, etc). conspecific conspecífico Applied to individuals or populations of the same species; (cf heterospecific). consumers consumidores See heterotrophic. contagious distribution distribución contagiosa See overdispersion. continental drift deriva continental Hypothesis proposed to describe the relative movements of continental land masses over the surface of the earth. First plausibly espoused by Alfred Wegener, but corroborated by the development of the theory of plate tectonics (qv) which provides a credible mechanism.
An island that is geologically related to a continent and was formerly connected to the continent, allowing floral and faunal interchange until the time of disjunction. continental margin margen continental Nearshore ocean zone that consists of the shoreline, shelf, slope and rise (qv). Underlain by continental or sialic crust.
An area of gently sloping ocean floor (slope of usually less then half a degree or 1:100) at the base of the continental slope. continental shelf plataforma continental The ocean floor adjacent to the shoreline (average slope typically very gradual, 10’ or less, or 1:1,000). This zone extends from the line of permanent immersion to the shelf break (usually about 100 -120 m depth). continental slope talud continental The ocean floor extending from the shelf break (at the seaward edge of the continental shelf) to the continental rise (where present) or to abyssal depths where absent (average slope about 040 or 7:100) (cf bathyal zone). continuous variable variable contínua A variable that can theoretically assume any value between two given limits. continuum contínuo A gradual or imperceptible intergradation between two or more extreme values. contranatant Fisheries biology: Cycle of migration concept; swimming, moving or migrating against the current (cf denatant).
(1) Vertical circulation within a fluid resulting from density differences caused by temperature variation or (in the oceans) salinity variation. (2) In the atmosphere, formation of Hadley Cells driven by rising air heated at the surface at the equator and descending over the subtropics. The trade winds (qv) and antitrade winds (qv) complete the flow. convergence convergencia (1) Evolution: Similarity, usually morphological, acquired independently in distantly-related forms (cf. homoplasy). (2) Oceanography: situation in ocean or atmosphere where more fluid flows into a given surface or nearsurface regional stratum than out, resulting in sinking and displacement. coordinate taxa taxones coordinados Phylogeny: In cladistics, groups within a monophyletic lineage at the same branching level require equivalent rank in the Linnean hierarchy. coral Sessile invertebrates of the Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata) (Class Anthozoa). Many species are colonial with the ability to deposit massive calcareous skeletons which often form reefs. All reef-building (hermatypic) corals have endosymbiotic mutualistic dinoflagellates termed zooxanthellae (qv). coral reef arrecife coralino The massive calcareous deposits produced through the growth of corals, other invertebrates, and benthic algae, in shallow waters of the tropics. The classic categorization of reef-forms is fringing reef vs barrier reef vs atolls (qv). core method método de núcleo de masa de agua Oceanography: Technique for analyzing a region where a water mass property reaches a maximum or minimum value within a wedge- or tongue-shaped distribution. Because of mixing the core gradually weakens in intensity (difference from surrounding waters) as it spreads with distance from the source. By backtracking along the core the source area or zone may be located. correlated characters caracteres correlacionados Character state (qv) expressions that are associated either as manifestations of a well-integrated ancestral gene complex or because they are functionally similar or related.
(1). Stratigraphy: discovery of similarities in lithography and/or fossil content that results in assignment of different rock formations or portions thereof to the same time interval. (2). Statistics: technique used to assess degree of association between two independent data sets.
Route along which the dispersal of many species is regarded as probable. Typically, a migration route allows more or less uninhibited faunal and floral interchange, although essentially one-way corridors are also quite possible (cf barrier).
Distribution of an organism that is worldwide or pandemic. Applied to oceanic species that are warmwater species (qv) and found throughout most of all three warmwater oceans. coterminous coterminal Applied to organisms with overlapping or quite similar distributions (cf sympatry, syntopic). -coulous Suffix, meaning "to inhabit", eg cavernicoulous, monticoulous, piscicoulous, etc. crenium Of or pertaining to a community associated with spring (not vernal (qv)) waters. crepuscular Twilight; organisms active at dawn and dusk; also applied to events which take place and/or with maximum rates during dawn and dusk (cf diurnal, nocturnal).
Oceanography/Limnology: The depth, determined by measurements, at which total (integrated) photosynthesis is equal to total (integrated) respiration rate for the reference population of phytoplankton. Also called critical level (cf. compensation depth). cryopelagic criopelágico Pelagic organisms limited to arctic and/or antarctic (polar) waters, not occurring in intervening temperate or tropical waters. cryoplankton crioplancton Pertaining to cryopelagic plankton. crypsis cripsis See camouflage. cryptic species especie críptica Sibling species (qv); sometimes termed hidden species. cultural eutrophication eutroficación cultural General term for increase in nutrients in aquatic or marine ecosystems due to human activities. cyclomorphosis ciclomorfosis Cyclical changes in form such as seasonal changes in morphology. cyclonic ciclónico Referring to an area of below average pressure (low pressure cell) in the ocean or atmosphere, characterized by generalized upwelling within the central region of the cell. The circulation pattern is such that when visualized from above, motion of a particle on the right side is northward in the Northern Hemisphere (counterclockwise) and southward in the Southern Hemisphere (cf anticyclonic, gyre).
An X-Y spreadsheet or table in which values corresponding to the X rows (cases) are entered for the Y columns (fields). Data may be qualitative or quantitative. Additional table dimensions are possible but any beyond third order (X-Y-Z) are not commonly used in field-oriented biology. daughter species especie hija Phylogeny: One of two species resulting from cleavage of the stem species during cladogenesis (cf parapatric speciation).
Organisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) that provide for nutrient recycling by consuming complex organic molecules and releasing simpler organic molecules and inorganic molecules as metabolic products. Generally synonymous with microconsumer (cf heterotroph). deep water mass masa de agua profunda A water mass typically formed in boreal or austral subarctic or subantarctic seas by cooling of relatively salty water at the surface. Occurs at depths between intermediate and bottom water. For example, North Atlantic Deep Water. degeneration degeneración Evolution: Loss or reduction of structure or function during the course of evolution or ontogeny. delta Region at the mouth of a river where sediments are deposited resulting in a buildup of the land structure because of sedimentation rate and local conditions. deme (1) A panmictic cluster of individuals, separated from other such clusters by lowered expectation of panmixis (qv). (2) A local population of a species; the community of potentially interbreeding individuals at a particular locality (cf parapatric speciation). demersal In aquatic systems, organisms, especially fishes, that live close to the bottom. Also applies to eggs and larvae originating (spawned, hatched) on or near the bottom and remaining there until transformation (cf emersal). denatant Fisheries biology: Cycle of migration concept. Swimming, moving, drifting or migrating with the current. (cf contranatant)
A diagrammatic drawing in the form of a tree designed to indicate degrees of relationship (cf phylogenetic tree, cladogram, phenogram, hierarchical classification).
(1) Physics: Mass per unit volume. (2) Ecology: Population standing stock standardized by unit area or unit volume.
Current produced by differences in density - usually a thermohaline current - where denser water sinks and less dense water rises to replace it. density-dependent denso-dependiente Factor affecting population density covarying with population size, ie proportion of individuals affected by factor is a function of population size.
Factor affecting population size not varying with population density but operating on a constant proportion of individuals, irrespective of population size.
An increase in the abundances of some species in a feeding guild (qv) when other species of the guild are absent, compared to the abundances when the guild assemblage is species rich. deposit feeder consumidor de material depositado Any organism feeding on fragmented particulate organic material in or on the substratum (cf detritovore).
Phylogeny: Adjective applied to an apomorphous (qv) character state. Derived or descended from something different (cf primitive; plesiomorphous).
Growth that is limited during the life span of an organism so that the organism reaches a maximum size, after which growth ceases (cf indeterminate growth).
Applied to processes and patterns that are the predictable outcome of antecedent causes (cf stochastic processes).
Heterotroph that feeds on dead material, eg macerated salt marsh wrack or leaf litter (cf deposit feeder). detritus detritos Dead organic material, typically particulate plant material on or in the seafloor. diadromous diádromo Organisms that migrate from seawater into fresh (anadromous, qv) or from freshwater into salt (catadromous, qv) to spawn (cf oceanodromous, potamodromous).
A resting stage of halted or inhibited development of an organism related to seasonal changes in food supply, temperature or other factors.
Deformation of the Earth's crust on a large scale to produce major geological features, eg mountain ranges, rift valleys, continents and the deep ocean floor. diatom ooze fango de diatomeas A siliceous deepsea sediment in which 30% or more of the material is composed of frustules of diatoms.
Pertaining to populations or species having geographical ranges separated to the extent that individuals from the two populations never meet and gene flow is not possible. (cf allopatric, parapatric, sympatric). Yüklə 0,85 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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