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a scientific institute.”
24
The United States had already been using hydrogen cyanide gas as an insecticide and the way in which it
works was presented at the meeting by representatives from Degussa (a company that manufactured cyanides
and that wanted to expand the use of their products). Those in attendance at the meeting were impressed enough
that a Technical Committee for Pest Control (Technische Ausschuss für Schädlingsbekämpfung), known as
Tasch, was created. It began as a government body at first and Fritz Haber was named the chairman. Tasch was
to “preserve through the application of highly poisonous substances for pest control, the high output that has
hitherto been maintained in agriculture and forestry, in viticulture, horticulture, and fruit growing, as well as in
industry by the destruction of animal pests; to promote human and animal hygiene; and thereby to ward off
diseases.”
25
With the war still going on, the military had control over a great deal. For this reason, a military division
was created by Haber which would carry out the pest control. Special “gas personnel” were chosen to deal with
the practical aspects of gassing.
26
Techniques were developed for terminating insects that are eerily similar to
those which would later be used at Nazi concentration camps. An infested building would be emptied and sealed
before poisonous gas was pumped in.
27
Haber‟s direct work with these pesticides shortly after the war when he
handed directorship of Tasch over to Walter Heerdt, although the infamous Zyklon process would be worked on
at his institute in 1919-20 by other scientists. During this time however, the further development of chemicals to
be used as a weapon against humans on the battlefield was never a neglected issue.
In 1917, Haber hired Hugo Stolzenberg, a chemist who had also been an officer before being too badly
wounded to continue service, to help expand the plants which were producing the chemical weapons.
Stolzenberg began his work in Breloh, focusing mainly on mustard gas.
28
Mustard gas is a far more potent
chemical and weapon than chlorine gas. It causes causing painful blisters, blindness, and certain death if it is
inhaled. Many were horrified by the terrible losses caused by the chemical weapons. Fritz Haber did not share
this view. He called the use of mustard gas a “fabulous success”.
29
Throughout the war, being a great leader in both the scientific and industrial world, along with being
needed so desperately by the German military, seemed to fill Fritz Haber with a sense of pride and fulfillment
that he would sorely miss at the conclusion of the war and that he would never gain again.
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The way that Haber felt during the time of the Great War seems to have been best described by his one-
time British student, J. E. Coates, at a memorial lecture in 1939:
The war years were for Haber the greatest period of his life…. In them he lived and worked on a
scale and for a purpose that satisfied his strong urge towards great dramatic vital things. For
three or four generations back his family had served and fought for Germany. To be a soldier, to
obey and be obeyed – that, as his closest friends knew, was a deep-seated ideal. During his
period of military service [when a young man] he had done exceptionally well, but the Jew did
not become an officer. Early in the war, he received the special and very unusual promotion
[specifically ordered by the Kaiser] directly to the rank of captain. Higher rank he did not attain
though he ardently desired it.
30
Although it seems as if Haber must have exalted in the war, Coates goes on to explain that “in his heart
[Haber] hated its wastage and suffering”.
31
Yet Haber had found an environment where
he was needed and where
he was obeyed and even if he did not enjoy the destruction his research was causing, it appears that he ignored
those feelings. As another of his former student remarked upon Haber‟s drastic transformation induced by the
war: “Haber was not only extremely affable, but- I cannot find any other expression- just fascinating. He is now
100 percent a military man. He believes to have found his true vocation in executing military organizational
tasks.”
32
Haber‟s youngest son, Ludwig, when researching his father‟s wartime career, drew a similar conclusion
stating that “In Haber, the [German High Command] found a brilliant mind and an extremely energetic
organizer, determined, and possibly unscrupulous.”
33
Fritz Haber‟s views on gas warfare did not waiver during the war, although backlash was pouring in
from all sides, he remained steadfast in his beliefs. He viewed gas warfare as an “intellectual challenge, or an
intricate game. Conventional warfare was like checkers, he wrote to the industrialist Carl Duisberg. „Gas
weapons and gas defense turn warfare into chess‟”.
34
He even told a group of German officers that battles were
won “not through the physical destruction of the enemy, but rather because of imponderables of the soul that, at