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nitrate factory, based on
the Haber-Bosch process, began at once and by May of 1915 it would be producing 150
tons of nitrate per day. Hence, Haber‟s scientific achievements enabled the German military to continue on with
the war.
5
Only a short time later though, by the end of 1914, Fritz Haber and Rathenau had a disagreement and
Haber left his position in Rathenau‟s Board of Wartime Raw Materials. He would continue
aiding in the nitrogen
crisis throughout the war, but he now focused his attention on the work that is still debated about today, chemical
warfare.
6
Having been appointed head of the Chemistry Section in the Ministry of War at the outbreak of the war,
a position that he still maintained at this point, Haber and his colleagues continued to investigate new types of
explosives at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. Early in 1915, Haber and two of his colleagues were testing a new
method of preparation for a chemical that would be used as a lachrymator (a tear gas) for howitzer shells. During
one of these experiments, Haber was called out of the room by someone, and only for this reason did he avoid
the tragedy that was to affect his co-workers. A large explosion killed Otto Sackur and caused Gerhardt Just to
lose his right hand. Haber could not believe that he had so narrowly avoided this tragedy and was deeply
affected.
7
He mourned the loss of Sackur for years and some report that Haber and Richard Willstätter wept
uncontrollably at the funeral.
8
Yet Haber would have very little time to himself to mourn his loss, for the German forces were realizing
that the firepower of their enemies was superior and that they must first weaken their adversaries before an
attack. Hence, the use of chemical agents became a prevalent topic of discussion among the German scientists.
Nernst, a fellow German scientist, was reportedly “summoned to headquarters to see General von Falkenhayn
after Lieutenant Colonel Max Bauer had conceived the idea of developing shells that contained solid, gaseous, or
liquid chemicals that would damage the enemy or render him unable to fight.”
9
Soon after this meeting,
experiments were initiated.
Fritz Haber was one of the observers of the tests which were carried out in mid-December at a firing
range near Berlin.
10
There he witnessed the unveiling of T-shells, 15-centimeter howitzer shells filled with xylyl
bromide
11
(a tear gas which stings and burns the eyes of those exposed to it).
10
However, the Falkenhayn was
thinking that a more potent chemical should be put to use, and only one day after the tragic inicident in Haber‟s
lab, Emil Fischer [a professor of chemistry at Berlin‟s university] was called to meet with Falkenhayn. Fischer
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later reported that:
[Falkenhayn] spoke about the new „stinking materials‟ and wasn‟t yet satisfied with them…. He
wants something that puts people permanently out of action. I explained to him how hard it is to
find materials that are fatal even at very low concentrations. I do know of one very nasty
chemical, but I didn‟t dare recommend it because we don‟t have the necessary raw materials in
Germany to manufacture it. If the enemy should hear about this, it would only hurt us.
12
Haber, however, did not have the same reservations as Fischer, and quickly jumped at the idea of using much
more poisonous gas in the war.
Otto Hahn reported in 1955 on his meeting with Haber in Brussels in January 1915:
Our troop had been pulled back to Brussels because we had suffered heavy losses and had many
sick during the battles in Flanders in the autumn of 1914. I received a request from Prof. Haber
to meet him in a hotel to talk with him. The appointment was for about 12:00 noon. I came to
the hotel and found Haber lying in bed. From his bed he gave me a lecture about how the war
had now become frozen in place and that the fronts were immobile. Because of this situation the
war now had to be fought by other means in order to be brought to a favorable conclusion. He
then gave me a lecture on chlorine gas clouds, which had to blow over the enemy trenches in
order to force the enemy to come out of them. I interjected that the use of poisonous substances
was certainly universally condemned, whereupon he replied that the French had already tried
something similar with shells in the autumn of 1914. We would thus not be the first to use this
kind of weapon. Anyway, in war, methods have to be used that lead to its rapid conclusion.
13
Haber then revealed his plan to introduce chlorine gas into the war to the High Command, who were in
support of the idea and put Haber in charge of testing it. It was soon thereafter approved to be used on the
frontline of the war, at Ypres in Belguim.
Using both his brilliant mind for science and his great skill at directing and organizing people, Haber
quickly immersed himself in the war effort, devising revolutionary schemes involving the use of chemical
weapons. Chlorine gas was finally deployed, after much waiting for a windy enough day, against the enemy on
April 22, 1915 at Ypres. The attack was not as successful as Haber would have hoped because the German High