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After the war ended, Haber continued research in this field despite the fact that this research was
declared illegal by the Geneva Convention. Here, it will be shown that at this point in his life, he was still
comfortable with the idea of chemical warfare and had not yet begun to wrestle with the idea that what he had
done had serious consequences. It was not until the final years of Haber‟s life that he may have begun to show
remorse over his actions earlier in life. Around this time he began correspondence with Sir William Pope, a
former foe turned friend, in an effort to secure a way out of Germany, which was quickly descending into
oppression. The once-enthusiastic and unwavering patriot now felt he was no longer welcome in the Fatherland
because of his Jewish heritage.
Had Haber lived longer than he did, would he have changed his beliefs? Would he still consider
chemical weaponry to be more humane if he knew the devastating results of dropping the atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, both immediately and over the long term? If Haber had lived to see World War II,
when the accomplishment for which he won his Nobel Prize was corrupted and used as an agent of genocide in
the Nazi death camps, would he still have believed “for humanity in time of peace, for the Fatherland in time of
war”?
In this paper, we will explore these questions through the use of correspondence between Haber and his
acquaintances as well as recollections from family and friends. Additionally, we plan to use documented
incidents which occurred during Haber‟s life. By using these, we hope to gain insight into Haber as a man, and
to show that he may well have regretted his advances in the field of chemical warfare as he neared death. We
will begin with a brief summary of Haber‟s early life.
Let it be mentioned now, however, that some of these questions were not able to be answered by the end
of our research period and while writing this composition. There is simply not enough evidence remaining from
the time during which Haber worked and lived. For example, it has been mentioned in a number of sources that
Clara Immerwahr wrote a series of suicide letters before her death, but these letters have never been found and
are thought to have been burned, perhaps even by Haber himself. Would he truly want people to know the real
reason for his wife‟s depression and subsequent suicide if he had in fact been her motivation? We have done our
best, using our resources to their greatest extent, to attempt to discover the answers to the aforementioned
questions and to provide insight into Fritz Haber‟s life and his thoughts on the choices he made.
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Notes
1.
Charles, Daniel. Master Mind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the
Age of Chemical Warfare. New York, NY: HarperCollins
Publishers, 2005, page xiv.
2.
Ibid, 174.
3.
Ibid, 69.
4.
Stoltzenberg, Dietrich. Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Philadelphia, PA:
Chemical Heritage Press, 2004, Page 127.
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The Early Years: An Overview of his Life before his Work with Chemical Weapons
1868-1934
Nobel Prize winner Fritz Haber was born December 9, 1868, in Breslau, Germany (now part of Poland).
He was born into one of the oldest families in town, as the son of Siegfried Haber, a merchant. Haber's father
was a successful business man, who dealt with dyes and pharmaceuticals. He instilled in Haber Prussian values,
such as duty, discipline, hard work, and a sense of order. Haber's mother, unfortunately, died in childbirth. Early
in his life, his family and teachers saw potential in him and a high level of intelligence. Haber began his formal
education at a Volksschule, a common school. After three years, he then continued his schooling at the St.
Elizabeth Gymnasium for nine years. The Gymnasium‟s curriculum was heavily focused on studying the arts
rather than the sciences; because of this, Haber also had a lifelong interest in philosophy and literature.
However, there was one subject that had always fascinated Haber in school, as one as well he had
consistently excelled at: Chemistry. He went on to study at three universities, Heidelberg, Berlin, and the
Charlottenburg Technische Hochschule, where he was awarded his Ph.D. After that, he went to Eidgenössische
Technische Hochschule in Zurich, to do post-doctoral work. He briefly joined his father's business, but soon
decided to take his career path in a different direction, as a university chemist. Though he was born into a Jewish
family, Haber did not embrace his faith fully and always thought of himself first and foremost a German, and
secondly, to some extent, a Jew. He did not seem to be very invested in the religion itself, and to facilitate his
career advancement, Haber converted to Lutheran faith, as most university careers were only open to Christians
at the time. However, Jewish culture was still quite prevalent in his life; he surrounded himself with Jewish
friends and married into Jewish families. However, the religion itself still remained something of a non-issue
with him and though he never completely abandoned it, he never fully embraced it either.
In 1901 Fritz Haber married his first wife, thirty-one year old Clara Immerwahr. Clara also came from a
respected Jewish family in Breslau, and Haber had known her since his adolescence. Their marriage was not the
best – Clara's happiness hampered by Haber's inattentiveness, and his domineering presence. Even in
photographs there was evidence that he was remote, formal. Haber later said in 1933 that he "was German to a