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participants find it difficult to understand why locals
make sure not to sit in
a specific area and the efforts to ensure correct placement can lead to
people moving around the table, like a game of musical chairs, in an effort
to ensure that status is reflected in people‟s relative distances from the top
of the table. Another example is that when someone senior enters the
room people will typically stand up as a sign of respect. Who goes
through the door first is also an issue. The final example concerns the
issue of turning one‟s back to someone (viewed in many
cultures as a sign
of rudeness) – where room layouts make it is almost impossible to avoid,
individuals will still attempt to observe
tarouf
, leading to situations in which
individuals at the meeting will be moving almost constantly in their seats
trying to ensure that they present their back to no-one.
What are the implications of tarouf for international business
communication?
The interpreters noted that if they were unable to explain
tarouf
clearly, it
can cause confusion and uncertainty for their clients who have no idea of
this part of Iranian culture. One example was a meeting in Tehran when
the Iranian speaker finished his presentation by
saying to his English
counterpart „this is all the result of your hard work‟. When the interpreter
translated this, the non-Iranians at the presentation seemed rather taken
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aback by this, and asked how this person could have helped the other so
much when they did not know each other. The interpreter‟s perception
was that the non-Iranians imagined their colleague had a relationship with
the Iranian speaker that he had not disclosed.
The interpreter regretted
translating this „
tarouf
phrase‟ as the word for word translation could not
convey the sense and meaning of the phrase, i.e. that it was „merely‟
meant as a compliment. The result was to create a misunderstanding
which was cleared up only after much subsequent effort on his part to
explain the idea of
tarouf
, and that the phrase should therefore be
interpreted as a form of humility and respect.
He felt the obvious lack of
cultural understanding of what was meant had brought his ability into
question. This occurred relatively early in his career, and he consulted
more experienced colleagues for advice. The advice he received is of
considerable significance to the present article – he was
told not to
translate
tarouf
phrases in order to avoid such misunderstandings. This
example of occupational socialisation, if typical, has important implications
for how translators view their role.
International managers’ view of the ‘problem’ of tarouf
The international managers, all of whom are fluent in English and Farsi
and therefore did not need interpreters in their work, agreed with the
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interpreters that a significant issue was a lack of understanding from both
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