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which would cause her to lose much of her iron ore and coal sources.
3
Aside from the devastating losses of land
and resources, restrictions would be placed on the German armed forces. The army would be limited to a
maximum of 100,000 men and the navy to only 10,000 men. The army would also no longer be allowed to use
heavy artillery, gas, tanks, or aircraft while the navy would be banned from the use of submarines.
4
The Treaty
of Versailles basically placed the entirety of the blame for the war on the back of the defeated German nation.
Yet amid this devastation there was a moment of happiness, for Haber learned that he was to receive the
Nobel Prize in mid-November of 1919. He felt especially proud for his country, more so than for himself, for
three Germans were to be given Nobel Prizes in the sciences.
5
Haber wrote to Willstätter that “I think it was a
deed of greatness on the part of the Swedish academy to elect three Germans- and only Germans- as
prizewinners. My heartfelt wish is that it may lead to renewed international understanding.”
6
Yet this wish was
not to come true.
To further brand Germany and her allies with the guilt of the war, the Allies declared that a number of
war leaders, beginning with the ex-Kaiser, would be tried for war crimes. On February 3, 1920, a list of nearly
900 names of leaders of the old regime, whom the Allies demanded surrender themselves for alleged war crimes,
was published. Fritz Haber was included among the alleged war criminals. In response, Haber hastily sent his
wife, Charlotte; his son, Hermann; and his very young daughter, Eva, to neutral Switzerland. To protect himself,
he grew a beard and fled to Switzerland, joining his family in St. Moritz.
7
There, he hoped to secure immunity
from prosecution by obtaining Swiss citizenship, which, according to his wife, he received.
8
Haber may have
taken even further precautions to protect himself from being identified because years later, a forged passport
with Haber‟s photograph on it was discovered by scientists at his institute.
9
While Haber was in Switzerland, Staudinger (a chemist who had occupied the laboratory one floor
above Haber‟s at the university in Karlsruhe and who remained in Switzerland during the war) wrote to him,
sending along with a letter several wartime publications that he had written previously declaring that Germany
would inevitably be defeated. Haber sent a short note in response stating that Staudinger‟s views on chemical
weapons was dated; he also suggested that Staudinger review a variety of works from American, English, and
German authors supporting the use of chemical warfare.
Staudinger refused to let Haber‟s dismissive and derogatory attitude halt his desire to encourage Haber
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to reflect upon not only whether the use of chemical weapons was legal but also whether it was moral. He writes
to Haber: “I hope that you might agree with this view: That we, as chemists, have a special responsibility in the
future to point out the dangers of modern technology, and in doing so to promote peaceful relations in Europe,
since the devastation of another war would be almost unthinkable.”
10
Haber‟s response to this letter was quite lengthy and also rather scathing. He thought that Staudinger‟s
ideas were “divorced from the real world” because, as he explains, the banning of certain chemical processes
would not end war:
Eternal peace can‟t be assured though technical means. A husband and wife can get along
because of their spirit and self-discipline, not because you lock up every rod and poker. Still,
this difference of opinion wouldn‟t estrange me from you. What bothers me is something that I
think you don‟t even see- the real effect, even if unintentional, that your writings had at the time
you wrote them. You stabbed Germany in the back in the hour of its greatest need.
11
Haber thought Staudinger had been a traitor to Germany, betraying both “truth and homeland”, during
the war. Staudinger‟s writings built upon foreign claims of atrocities committed by Germans during the war
when a peace settlement was being drawn up. These allegations aimed at presenting Germany with an even more
penalizing peace settlement. Haber believed that his friend had turned against Germany in her time of need
“because [he] thought they would help support the realization of [his] pacifistic ideals.” Staudinger‟s
declarations had deeply hurt Germany and Haber‟s final words to him were very scornful: “The damage remains,
even if unintentional. It can‟t be repaired, and that‟s what separates me from you.”
12
If Haber had known all that Staudinger had done, he may not have even replied to the letter he received.
In January of 1918, Staudinger had learned that Germany was planning to use mustard gas that spring. He was so
appalled by the news that he told an American colleague, warning them that a new and far more devastating gas
weapon was on its way. The information was then presented by the American scientist to the International Red
Cross, which then cautioned French officials. The French appeared not to heed the warning though, yet the
confidence by Staudinger assuaged his conscience. Haber would have considered this action treasonous.
13
After only a few months in Switzerland Haber was able to return to Germany, for the Allies had
withdrawn their request for the extradition of war criminals. He returned to his institute and threw himself into