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Similarities and Differences in Syntactic Structures of Chinese and Indonesian 
Passive Sentences
Through the analysis of previous passive sentences in Mandarin and 
Indonesian, it can be seen that the passive sentences in Chinese and Indonesian also 
have similarities and differences in their syntactic structure. The equation between 

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253 Eralingua: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Asing dan Sastra Vol. 4, No. 2, August 2020 
the syntactic structure of Chinese and Indonesian passive sentences is that in 
Chinese and Indonesian can change from active sentences to passive sentences, for 
example: 
1.a
Chinese active sentence
：我们把敌人消灭了。
(We defeat the enemy.) 
1.b
Chinese passive sentence
：敌人被我们消灭了。
(The enemy is defeated by us.) 
2.a
Indonesian active sentence
：
Dia menutup jendela. (He closes the window.) 
2.b
Indonesian passive sentence
：
Jendela ditutupnya/ditutup dia. (The window is
closed by him.) 
In addition to the two languages can change from active sentences to 
passive sentences, objects (doer) in Chinese and Indonesian passive sentences 
sometimes do not appear. Passive sentences in Chinese and Indonesian without 
appearing objects (doer) are generally caused by objects (doer) unknown or 
unnecessary to say. 
The difference between the syntactic structure of passive sentences in 
Chinese and Indonesian is that the syntactic structure of Chinese passive sentences 
that bring up the objects (doer) is "subject (recipient of action) +" 
被
"+ object 
(doer) + verb", whereas syntactic structure of Indonesian passive sentences that 
bring up the objects (doer) are "subject (receiver of actions) + passive verbs + (oleh) 
+ objects (doer)". 
3.
Chinese passive sentence
：敌人被我们消灭了。
(The enemy is defeated by us.) 
4.
Indonesia passive sentence
：
Berita itu belum didengar (oleh) paman. (The news 
has not been heard by uncle.) 
From examples 3 and 4, it can be seen that the object (doer) in the passive 
Mandarin sentence is before the predicate verb, and the object (doer) in the 
Indonesian passive sentence is after the passive verb. The form of predicate verb in 
Chinese passive sentence is the same as the form of predicate verb in Chinese active 
sentence. The form of predicate verbs in Indonesian passive sentences is different 
from the predicate verbs in Indonesian active sentences. Example: 
5.a
Chinese active sentence
：
敲门的声音把我惊醒了。
(The sound of a knock on the door wakes me up.) 
5.b
Chinese passive sentence
：
我被敲门的声音惊醒了。
(I was awakened by the sound of knocking on the 
door.) 
6.a
Indonesian active sentence
：
Guru menyuruh siswa mengerjakan soal latihan. (The teacher tells students to 
do the practice questions.) 
6.b
Indonesian passive sentence
：
Siswa disuruh guru mengerjakan soal latihan. (Students are asked by the teacher 
to do the practice questions.) 
The predicate verb forms in example sentences 5a and sentences 5b are 
same, that is "
惊醒
", without any change, while the predicate verb forms in the 
example sentences 6a and sentences 6b have changed. The predicate verb in the 

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Contrastive of Chinese and Indonesian – Karina Fefi Laksana et al. (p.247-257) 254 
example sentence 6a "menyuruh" has an active meaning, and the predicate verb in 
the example sentence 6b is "disuruh" has a passive meaning. 
In addition to the predicate verb form, the difference between the passive 
sentences in Chinese and Indonesian also lies in the use of a single verb as a 
predicate. Indonesian passive sentences can use a singular verb, whereas the 
Chinese passive sentences, predicate may not use the singular verb. The use of 
single verbs in Chinese passive sentences must be followed by other syntactic 
components. Example: 
7.
Indonesian passive sentence 
：
Baju dicuci. (Clothes is washed.) 
8.
Chinese passive sentence 
：裤子全给淋湿了。
(Pants completely wet.) 
In the example sentence 7 the predicate verb in Indonesian passive sentence 
is "dicuci", "dicuci" is a singular verb, while the example sentence 8 predicate verb 
in the Chinese passive sentence has another component. The verb "
淋
" (get rained) 
in Example 8 is accompanied by the word "
湿
" (wet) which is a supplementary 
component of the result pointer. 
The difference in the syntactic structure between Chinese and Indonesian 
passive sentences is that the subjects (recipients of actions) in Chinese unmarked 
passive sentences are generally inanimate objects, while the reason for Indonesian 
unmarked passive sentences is that objects (doer) are the first person pronouns 
and second person pronouns. Example:
9.
Chinese unmarked passive sentence 
：摩托车骑走了。
(Motorcycle rides.) 
10.a
Indonesian active sentence
：
Saya menulis surat. (I write a letter.) 
10.b
Indonesian unmarked passive sentence
：
Surat saya tulis. (Letter written by 
me) 
In the example sentence 9, there are no words that indicate the passive 
meaning. The subject of these passive sentences is often inanimate objects. 
Example sentences 10a are active sentences. The subject (doer) in the original active 
sentence is "saya (I)", and "saya (I)" is the first person pronoun. The passive form of 
the sentence is "Surat saya tulis", not "surat ditulis oleh saya". 
The object (doer) of the example sentence 10b appears after the subject (the 
recipient of the action) and before the predicate verb. The predicate verb from the 
example sentence 10b does not add affixes that show passive meaning, but uses 
the verb in the basic form.
The redicate verbs in Chinese passive sentences are generally verbs that 
produce results, therefore Chinese passive sentences contain semantic results. 
Example:
11.
杯子被小张打破了。
(Glass broken by Xiao Zhang.) 
The word "
破
了
" in the example sentence 11 is the result of the predicate 
verb "
打
". However, Chinese passive sentences sometimes do not have 
complementary results. In this case, the predicate verb in a passive sentence is a 
two syllable verb, which already contains the meaning of the result, or the predicate 
in the passive sentence is a verb that is supplemented with auxiliary words such as "
了
、
过
、
这
" and others. Example:
12.
小明被表扬了。
(Xiaoming was praised.) 

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