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Syntax Structure of Indonesian Passive Sentence
Regarding the syntactic structure of Indonesian passive sentences, Zhang 
Qiongyu (1993: 273-277) explains the format of Indonesian passive sentences is as 
follows: 
1.
Passive Indonesian sentences in general: 
Subject (action recipient) + passive verb. Example
：
a.
Rumah itu dijual. (The house is for sale.) 
b.
Baju dicuci. (Clothes is washed.) 
c.
Bola dilempar. (The ball is thrown.) 
In examples a, b, and c there are no objects (doer). Passive sentences 
without an object (doer) are generally because the object (doer) is unknown or 
does not need to be spoken. 
2.
If it raises the object (actor), then the syntactic structure of the passive sentence 
is as follows: 
Subject (action recipient) + passive verb + (oleh) + object (doer). Example: 
a.
Berita itu belum didengar (oleh) paman. (The news has not been heard by 
uncle.) 
b.
Suratmu dibaca oleh kakak. (Your letter was read by brother.) 
c.
Gadis itu disukai oleh orang lain. (Your letter was read by brother.) 
In the example sentence b may or may not use the word "oleh". Whether or 
not the preposition "oleh" does not change the meaning of the sentence. 
3.
If the subject in an active sentence is a first person pronoun or second person 
pronoun, then when changing to a passive sentence the sentence structure is as 
follows: 
Subject (action recipient) + person pronouns (object perpetrator) + basic form 
verbs (without the preposition "oleh"). Example:
a.
Sepeda itu saya cuci. (The bicycle is washed by me.) 
b.
Maria selalu kamu bantu. (Maria is always assisted by you.) 
c.
Dia selalu aku bantu.
(He is always assisted by me.) 
The object (doer) of the example sentences a and c is the first person 
pronoun "saya/ aku (I/me)", the object (doer) of the example sentence b is the 
second person pronoun "kamu (you)". The object (doer) of the example sentence a, 
b, and c appears after the subject and before the predicate verb, while the 
predicate verb in the example sentence a, b, and c does not add a prefix which 
shows the passive meaning. The verbs used are basic form verbs. Example 
sentences a, b, and c cannot not use the preposition "oleh". When the object (doer) 
of a passive sentence is a third person pronoun, the syntactic structure of the 
sentence is as follows: subject (receiver of action) + passive verb + (oleh) + third 
person pronoun (object of the doer).