Jaguar ( Panthera onca) Care Manual
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
122
ENRICHMENT SURVEY
A jaguar environmental enrichment survey was conducted during the creation of the AZA Jaguar
SSP’s Guidelines for the Captive Management of Jaguars (Law, 2009). Twenty-two AZA institutions
submitted data, which are detailed below. The results are broken down and intended to be a
resource to show what other institutions are providing for enrichment and rate the success of each
item. Each animal has its own individual demeanor, so the results here are by no means the
definitive answer on how an animal will react. All the items submitted have not necessarily been
tested, and what is fine for one jaguar can be problematic for another. Always have new items
reviewed by your managers, nutritionists, and veterinarians and follow your facility’s safety
guidelines.
Exhibit Substrate: Grass, dirt, sand, cement, wood chips, mulch
Outside Exhibit Furniture: Waterfall, pond, stream, rocks, bamboo, trees (evergreen, mulberry,
elm) swinging logs, shrubs, deadfall trees, tree limbs at different levels, rock den, concrete cave,
timber platform, straw bed, rock ledge, brush pile, fire hose hammock, hot rock, gunite
rock/trees, tree stumps, vines, plants (honey suckle, palms, butterfly bush, junipers), wood
bridge over 1 m (3.2 ft) dry moat
Indoor Holding Area: Wooden bench, shelves (wooden, gunite, plywood, metal, Corian
®
)
pallets, kennel, den, vines, hide box, ropes, hanging cedar logs, hanging tire, wooden perching,
pool (approximately 1 m [3.2 ft] deep)
List of Food Enrichment Items:
Feline diet
Rats
crickets
Fish - live tilapia, tuna, herring, frozen salmon, live goldfish, trout, minnows, live red shiners,
smelts
blood ice block
fish ice block (successful)
frozen bouillon blocks
bagels soaked in blood
gelatin made with blood
blood ring with chicks
meatballs
boiled eggs
fetal calf
chunk horse meat
rabbit, quail
fresh blood
frozen steaks
frozen lamb
mice
fruit & vegetables
grapes
Chicken - Cooked chicken, necks, gizzard & hearts, liver, boneless chunks
Bones : Venison, horse, cattle, frozen, beef tail, pork neck, horse shank, horse knuckle,
mutton, cow leg
Venison - ground or whole
Horse - chunks of meat (training reward) liver, raw beef, pork hock
Presention - hidden, meat smeared on rocks, fish in pond, buckets meat training reward,
hidden in PVC tubes, tree bags, perches in box with lid, tossed in on ropes
Jaguar ( Panthera onca) Care Manual
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
123
Social:
Non-tactile sensory contact (i.e. visual, auditory and olfactory) has been successfully
implemented both conspecifically and inter-species in numerous institutions. Some remote
inter-species sensory contact has been between predator and potential prey species (e.g.
jaguars and horses, llamas, sheep, raccons, etc.) and between with other large predators
(e.g. pumas and leopards). Tactile contact between jaguars, even through small-space
steel mesh, has been reported to result in injury to paws, ears and other extremities.
With vigilance during and after introductions, jaguars have successfully been housed in
same-sex groups. However, social circumstances can change quickly and care must be
taken to actively manage the animals’ daily.
Auditory:
Various animals throughout the Zoo. Tapes “rabbit in distress,” deer calls, radio.
Enrichment Problems:
Destruction and ingestion of non-food enrichment items is the problem most commonly reported.
Fabric cloth, rope, and plastic items have been offered and subsequently discontinued by
numerous institutions, either in an abundance of caution or due to impaction or vomiting.
Similarly, items that can be considered food (e.g rawhide, small bones, whole prey) have been
discontinued in some cases when vomiting or diarrhea resulted.
NOVEL OBJECTS RATING CHART
The average rating for the chart is from 1 = no reaction to 5 = strong reaction.
Institutions
Novel objects
Average given
Average rating
21
Cardboard box
Monthly, bi-weekly, 4x a week
4
18
Boomer ball
Weekly, daily
3
6
Burlap bags
Weekly, bi-weekly, every 6 months
4
6
Bowling ball
Daily, 3x a week
3
6
Feather
Bi-weekly, weekly
3
6
Large barrel
Daily, weekly, yearly
4
4
Large boomer ball
Weekly
3
4
PVC
Monthly
3
4
Ice block
Monthly
3
4
Carpet tube
Monthly, bi-monthly
4
4
Pumpkin
Yearly, in fall
4
4
Paper mache prey animals
Yearly, every few months
5
3
Phone book
Occasionally, 2x / week, 2x / yr
4
3
Beer keg
Weekly, monthly
4
3
Small boomer ball
Daily, weekly
4
3
Horse tail
Occasionally
4
2
Giant boomer ball
Bi-weekly
4
2
Bamboo stalks
Monthly
2, 4 with cinnamon
2
Spool
Daily, weekly
4
2
Sheep’s wool
Monthly
3
2
Plastic pails
Occasionally
4
1
Boomer ball with holes for
food placement
Weekly
5
1
Tractor tire
Weekly
5
1
Large “pill”
Monthly
4
1
Log
Monthly
(likes to carry) 4
1
Lettuce head
Monthly
3
Jaguar ( Panthera onca) Care Manual
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
124
Institutions
Novel objects
Average given
Average rating
1
Pigs ears
Bi-weekly
3
1
Raw hides
Bi-weekly
3
1
Frozen fish juice
Occasionally
4
1
Beef noses/chins
Weekly
4
1
Camel Hair
4x a year
3
1
Plastic hour glass toy
Bi-weekly
4
1
Hay/wood wool
1
–
2x a month
3
1
Paper bags
5
1
Large heavy ball
2
1
Small barrel
2
1
Large plastic “spoolie”
Daily
5
1
Large rubber trash can
3
–
4x a week
5
1
Small rubber trash can
2
–
3x a week
4-5
1
Large soft plastic hose reel
Weekly
2-3
1
Large plastic trash can lids
1
–
2x a week
2-3
1
Plastic turkey feeder tray
1
–
2x a week
4-5
1
Bobbins
3x a week
2
1
Oranges
Once a week
2
1
Large Tub
Daily
5
1
5 gallon water jugs
Once a month
1
1
Guanaco hair
Once a month
3
1
5 gallon bucket
5
1
Tire
3x a week
4
1
Polyethylene bucket
4x a week
1
Olfactory Rating Chart
Institutions
Olfactory items
Average given
Average Rating
16
Perfume / Cologne
Bi-weekly, weekly
3
9
Dry catnip
Bi-weekly
3
7
Cinnamon
Monthly, weekly
3
5
Garlic
Bi-weekly, weekly, quarterly
3
4
Nutmeg
Bi-monthly
3
4
Vanilla extract
Bi-monthly, every 6 months
3
4
Boxes / hay with scent
Weekly
5
3
Basil
Monthly, weekly
2
3
Doe scent
Bi-monthly
2
2
Fresh catnip
Weekly in summer
5
2
Oregano
Bi-weekly, weekly
3
2
Cloves
Bi-weekly, weekly
2
2
Paprika
Bi-weekly
4
2
Fox urine
2x a week
4
2
Mint extract
Bi-weekly
4
2
Toys from other exhibits
Weekly, monthly
3
1
Berry bliss (body mist)
Bi-weekly
3
1
Catnip oil
Every 2
–
3 weeks
4
1
Vinegar spray bottle with added
scents
Once a week
3
1
Allspice
Bi-weekly
5
1
Sage
Bi-weekly
3
1
5 Chinese spice
Bi-monthly
5
1
Curry
Bi-monthly
5
1
Pumpkin pie spice
Bi-monthly
5
1
Onion
Bi-weekly
3
1
Fresh spices
Weekly
4
1
Fox scent
Occasionally
3
1
Fox, Mink, Deer, oil
Bi-weekly
4
1
Orange extracts
Bi-weekly
3
Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
125
1
Anise extracts
Bi-weekly
3
1
Lemon extracts
Bi-monthly
5
1
Rum extracts
Bi-monthly
5
1
Chicken spray
2x a week
3
1
Skunk scent
Monthly
4
1
Fish herbs
When available
3
1
Bongo feces
Bi-monthly
1
1
Hoofstock feces
Monthly
5
1
Boomer ball from other cats
Weekly
5
1
New logs/stumps
Yearly
3
1
Logs from other animals
Bi-monthly
4
1
Explore Tiger cage
Weekly in winter
3
1
Lanolin
Bi-monthly
5
1
Deodorant
Bi-monthly
3
1
Leaves from hoofstock
Bi-monthly
5
1
Ginger
Weekly
1
1
Maned wolf scent
Once a week
3
Jaguar ( Panthera onca) Care Manual
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
126
Appendix N: Jaguar SSP
®
Conservation/Research Proposal Format
The following information must be provided for consideration of research proposals or conservation
projects for endorsement by the Jaguar SSP. To ensure that the SSP has ample time to review the
request it should be submitted at least one month prior to any project or grant application deadlines.
I.
BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION FOR PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
a) A resume or curriculum vitae for the principal investigator(s). Include any publication
citations for the past five years.
b) Grants funded or grant applications pending on this project or potential funding pending SSP
approval
II.
IDENTIFICATION OF COOPERATING RESEARCHERS/INSTITUTIONS
Provide a list of other researchers, consultants, or cooperating institutions involved in the
proposed conservation and/or research project.
III.
ABSTRACT OF THE PROPOSED CONSERVATION/RESEARCH PROGRAM
Describe the proposed conservation/research program, including:
a)
Statement of the problem and the program objectives
b)
Contribution of the proposed project to the field of study
c)
Long term goals of the proposed project
d)
Objectives planned for addressing the long-term goals described above
IV.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR PROPOSED PROJECT
Provide specific details on the experimental design, including:
a)
Hypothesis to be tested (if applicable)
b)
Methods and materials
c)
Protocols for handling biological samples and assays (if applicable)
d)
Justification for species choice
e)
Measures to guarantee well being of animals
f)
Preliminary results (if available)
V.
PROJECT BUDGET (if applicable)
Provide a description of sources and levels of funding to be applied to the proposed project,
including remuneration for Jaguar SSP resources.
VI.
PROPOSED USE OF CONSERVATION/RESEARCH RESULTS/MATERIALS
Provide a description of the anticipated use and distribution of the results, including:
a) Professional journals
b) Conferences (posters and papers)
c) Other publications
VII.
TIMELINE
Provide a timeline that includes the following information:
a)
Anticipated starting and completion dates
b)
The Jaguar SSP would appreciate periodic updates and a notification of any publications
arising from the project.
IX.
LITERATURE REVIEW RELATED TO OVERALL RESEARCH PROGRAM
These publications will support your "thesis" and your evaluation of the current state of
understanding. Please follow the standard reference format as used by the Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association. The list and discussion need not be extensive but
should be representative of the most pertinent and worthy publications.
Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
127
Proposals must be submitted to Stacey Johnson, AZA Jaguar SSP Coordinator, San Diego Zoo Global,
PO Box 120551, San Diego, CA 92112-0551;
sjohnson@sandiegozoo.org
. Include a proposal cover
letter including an abstract and request for endorsement.
Jaguar ( Panthera onca) Care Manual
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
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Appendix O: Suggested Additional Reading
Azevedo, F. & Verdade, L. (2012). Predator–prey interactions: jaguar predation on caiman in a floodplain
forest . Journal of Zoology, 286, 200–207.
Baker Jr., W. (1996). Biology of the Jaguar. Animal Keepers’ Forum, 23, 542–546
, 587–594.
Barbiers, R. & Baker, Jr., W. (1999). Emergency Preparedness for Large Carnivores: Bears and Cats . In: AVMA Disaster
Preparedness and Response. Schaumburg: AVMA. F-13, 344–345.
Carrillo, E., Fuller, T., & Saenz, J. (2009). Jaguar hunting behavior and the effects of prey availability.
Journal of Tropical Ecology, 25, 563–567.
Crawshaw Jr., P. (1987). Top Cat in a Vast Brazilian Marsh. Animal Kingdom, 90(5), 12–19
Crawshaw Jr., P. & Quigley, H. (1991). Jaguar Spacing, Activity and Habitat Use in a Seasonally Flooded
Environment in Brazil. Journal of Zoology, 223, 357–370.
Foster, R., Harmsen, B., & Doncaster, C. (2010) Habitat use in sympatric populations of jaguar and
puma in the context of human disturbance. BIOTROPICA, 42(6), 724–731.
Harmsen, B., Foster, R., Silver, S., Ostro, L., & Doncaster, C. (2009). Spatial and Temporal Interactions
of Sympatric Jaguars ( Panthera onca) and Pumas ( Puma concolor) in a Neotropical Forest.
Journal of Mammalogy 90(3), 612–620.
Harmsen, B., Foster, R., Silver, S., Ostro, L., & Doncaster, C. (2011). Jaguar and puma activity patterns
in relation to their main prey. Mammalian Biology, 76, 320–324.
Macdonald, D. (1987). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File Publications.
Mellen, J. (1997). Optimal Environment for Captive Felids . In: Plan Regional Para El Manejo La Conservacion De Los
Felinos Mesoamericanos. Fundacion Pro Zoologicos, Universidad Nacional, and NOAHS Center.
Nowak, R. (1975). Retreat of the Jaguar. National Parks Magazine, 49(12), 10–13.
Quigley, H. (1987). Ecology and Conservation of the Jaguar in the Pantanal Region, Mato Grosso do Sul,
Brazil. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Idaho.
Rosas-Rosas, O., Bender, L., & Valdez, R. (2008). Jaguar and Puma Predation on Cattle Calves in
Northeastern Sonora, México . Rangeland Ecology & Management, 61, 554–560.
Rosas-Rosas, O., Bender, L., & Valdez, R.. (2010). Habitat correlates of jaguar kill-sites of cattle in
northeastern Sonora, México Human–Wildlife Interactions 4(1):103–111.
Schaller, G., Quigley, H., & Crawshaw, P. (1984). Biological Investigations in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso,
Brazil. National Geographic Research Reports, 17, 777–792.
Swank, W. & Teer, J. (1990). The Jaguar-A Symbol of Conservation Efforts in Latin America. Wildlife
Management Inst. North American Wildlife & Natural Resources 55th Conference.
Turner, A. (1997) . Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives. Columbia University Press.
Document Outline - Introduction
- Taxonomic Classification
- Genus, Species, and Status
- General Information
- Chapter 1. Ambient Environment
- 1.1 Temperature and Humidity
- 1.2 Light
- 1.3 Water and Air Quality
- 1.4 Sound and Vibration
- Chapter 2. Habitat Design and Containment
- 2.1 Space and Complexity
- 2.2 Safety and Containment
- Chapter 3. Records
- 3.1 Definitions
- 3.2 Types of Records
- 3.3 Permit Considerations
- 3.4 Identification
- Chapter 4. Transport
- 4.1 Preparations
- 4.2 Protocols
- Chapter 5. Social Environment
- 5.1 Group Structure and Size
- 5.2 Influence of Others and Conspecifics
- 5.3 Introductions and Reintroductions
- Chapter 6. Nutrition
- 6.1 Nutritional Requirements
- 6.2 Diets
- 6.3 Nutritional Evaluations
- Chapter 7. Veterinary Care
- 7.1 Veterinary Services
- 7.2 Transfer Examination and Diagnostic Testing Recommendations
- 7.3 Quarantine
- 7.4 Preventive Medicine
- 7.5 Capture, Restraint, and Immobilization
- 7.6 Management of Diseases, Disorders, Injuries and/or Isolation
- Chapter 8. Reproduction
- 8.1 Reproductive Physiology and Behavior
- 8.2 Assisted Reproductive Technology
- 8.3 Pregnancy and Parturition
- 8.4 Birthing Facilities
- 8.5 Assisted Rearing
- 8.6 Contraception
- Chapter 9. Behavior Management
- 9.1 Animal Training
- 9.2 Environmental Enrichment
- 9.3 Staff and Animal Interactions
- 9.4 Staff Skills and Training
- Chapter 10. Ambassador Animals
- 10.1 Ambassador Animal Policy
- Chapter 11. Research
- 11.1 Known Methodologies
- 11.2 Future Research Needs
- Chapter 12. Other Considerations
- 12.1 Surplus Animals
- 12.2 Additional Information
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Appendix A: Accreditation Standards by Chapter
- Appendix B: Recordkeeping Guidelines for Group Accessions
- Appendix C: Guidelines for Creating and Sharing Animal and Collection Records
- Appendix D: AZA Policy on Responsible Population Management
- Appendix E: Recommended Quarantine Procedures
- Appendix F: Ambassador (Program) Animal Policy and Position Statement
- Last revision 1/28/03
- The Conservation Education Committee (CEC) of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums supports the appropriate use of Ambassador Animals as an important and powerful educational tool that provides a variety of benefits to zoo and aquarium educators seek...
- Appendix G: Sample Forms Used With Jaguars
- Appendix H: Body Condition Scoring Chart
- Appendix I: Fecal Scoring Chart
- Appendix J: Physiological Reference Ranges
- Appendix K: Necropsy Protocol and Tissue Collection Instructions
- Appendix L: Protocol for Labeling and Sending Fecal Samples for Fecal Steroid Analysis
- Appendix M: Enrichment Examples, Surveys, Problems, and Rating Charts
- Appendix N: Jaguar SSP® Conservation/Research Proposal Format
- Appendix O: Suggested Additional Reading
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