The scientific and pedagogical

26 
 
T.Khalilova 
 
implications and adherent meanings that establish invisible links throughout the text and 
create a kind of semantic background so that the work is laced with certain kind of 
imagery. 
Lexical ties relevant to this kind of analysis will include synonymous and 
antonymous relations, morphological derivation, relations of inclusion (various types of 
hyponymy and entailment), commonsemes in the denotative or connotative meanings of 
different words. 
If a word manifests semantic links with one or more other words in the text it 
shows thematic relevance and several links of this sort may be considered a semantic 
field, an illustration of which was offered in the previous example on coupling. 
Semantic ties in that example (mostly implicit) are based on the adherent and symbolic 
connotations (Church meals, Club member, live-in servants, Union man, etc) and create 
a semantic field specific to the theme and message of this work: the contrast between 
wealth and poverty, upper class and working class. 
In the next example we observe the semantic field of a less complicated nature 
created by more explicit means. 
Joe kept saying he did not want a fortieth birthday party. He said he did not like 
parties–a palpable untruth–and particularly and especially a large party in honor of his 
reaching forty... 
At first there were going to be forty guests but the invitation list grew larger and 
the party plans more elaborate, until Arthur said that with so many people they ought to 
hire an orchestra, and with an orchestra there would be dancing, and with dancing there 
ought to be a good-size orchestra. The original small dinner became a dinner dance at 
the Lantenengo Country Club. Invitations were sent to more than three hundred 
persons... (O’Hara) 
The thematic word of the passage is party. It recurs four times in these four 
sentences. It is obviously related to such words used as its substitutes as dinner and 
dinner dance which become contextual synonyms within the frame of the central 
stylistic device of this piece–the climax. 
Semantic relations of inclusion by entailment and hyponymy are represented by 
such words as birthday (party), (party) in honor, (party) plans, invitation (list), guests, 
people, persons, orchestra, dancing. 
The subtheme of the major theme is the scale of the celebration connected with 
the importance of the date–the main character reached the age of forty considered an 
important milestone in a man’s life and career. So there is a semantic field around the 
figure forty–its lexical repetition and morphological derivation (forty–forty–fortieth) 
and the word large amplified throughout by contextual synonyms, morphological 
derivatives and relations of entailment (large–larger–more–many–good-size–more-three 
hundred). 
Another type of semantic relationship that contributes to the semantic field 
analysis is the use of antonyms and contrastive elements associated with the themes in 
question: large–small, forty–three hundred, small dinner–dinner dance, orchestra–good-
sized orchestra, did not like–untruth. The magnitude and importance of the event are 
further enhanced by the use of synonymous intensifies particularly and especially. 
 
Semi-marked structures 
 

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27 
 
T.Khalilova 
 
Semi-marked structures are a variety of defeated expectancy associated with the 
deviation from the grammatical and lexical norm. It’s an extreme case of defeated 
expectancy much stronger than low expectancy encountered in a paradox or anti-climax, 
the unpredictable element is used contrary to the norm so it produces a very strong 
emphatic impact. 
In the following lines by G. Baker we observe a semi-marked structure on a 
grammatical basis: 
The stupid heart that will not learn 
The everywhere of grief. 
The word everywhere is not a noun, but an adverb and cannot be used with an 
article and a preposition, besides grief is an abstract noun that cannot be used as an 
object with a noun denoting location. However the lines make sense for the poet and the 
readers who interpret them as the feeling of sadness and dejection. 
Lexical deviation from the norm usually means breaking the laws of semantic 
compatibility and lexical valency.  
If you had to predict what elements would combine well with such words and 
expressions as to try one’s best to..., to like ... or what epithets you would choose for 
words like father or movement you would hardly come up with such incompatible 
combinations that we observe in the following sentences: 
She ... tried her best to spoil the party. (Erdrich) 
Montezuma and Archuleta had recently started a mock-serious separatist 
movement, seeking to join New Mexico. (Michener) 
Would you believe it, that unnatural father wouldn’t stump up. (Waugh) 
He liked the ugly little college... (Waugh) 
Such combination of lexical units in our normal everyday speech is rare. However 
in spite of their apparent incongruity semi-marked structures of both types are widely 
used in literary texts that are full of sophisticated correlations which help to read sense 
into most unpredictable combinations of lexical units. 
In azerbaijani language categories of stylistics:  
Style 
Correlative methods of linguistic expression 
Stylistic coloring of language units 
Stylistic norm 
Style rules  
Styles include: 
Scientific style 
Official-business style 
Publicisticstyle 
Art style 
Speaking style 
 
Scientific style 
functional style of speech of the literary language, which has a number of 
features: a preliminary consideration statements monological character, strict selection 
of language means attraction to the normalized speech. 
Theme of scientific work is determined by their content and objectives of 
scientific communication: possible accurately and completely explain the facts, to show  

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