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people because it reflects thoroughly the economy and culture of the people.
The main task of ethnographic science is to investigate the ethno genesis of the
people, to describe its family economy, further enrichment and broadening of its
history.
Ethnography, parallel with archaeology is the constitutive part of historical
science. Essays on archaeology have a special importance for the ethnographical
research works. Archaeology plays a particular role in the investigation of the rich
heritage of the working activity and viewpoints of the people.
Together these sciences led the light on some unknown moments of our history.
In other words archaeology can be compared with a creator but ethnology with restorer.
Archaeology reveales a lot of valuable artifacts concerning to different periods of history,
established the chronology, but ethnography helps to restore the remains of the old
monuments of material culture. Such unity does its best in the writing of the whole
history of the people.
Ethnography of Azerbaijani people as well as the ancient history is rich and
old. It's impossible to carry out the investigation of the people's history well without the
exploration of the many-sided heritage, material and culture of the people.
Ethnographical science revealing new evidence renders assistance for investigation of
the ancient and modern history of Azerbaijan people.
There is no doubt that «Ethnography of Azerbaijan» in three volumes will
promote the writing of history, literature, folklore, architecture, art and agriculture of our
people. It will make them more interesting and enriched.
«Ethnography of Azerbaijan» is written for the first time and it's the result of
many years strenuous work of our ethnographers.
Though there are a wide range of questions, the main subject of this
fundamental work occupies a concrete piece of time - the end of XIX and beginning of
XX centuries. The first volume includes the chapters «Economy of the Azerbaijan
people» and «Trade». The second volume is includes the «Material culture of Azerbaijan
people» and «Family and economy of the family». The third volume is consisted of the
chapters «Moral culture». Natural-geographical conditions play very important role
in the investigation of architectural and catde-breeding cultures of many types of trades
and questions of material culture. It is the main component of the Ethnography of
Azerbaijan.
Anthropological data is considered to be very important in exploration of the
problems of ethno genesis and development of Azerbaijani people. That is why the
investigations of this sphere of science are in the focus of attention. Anthropology
together with archaeology promotes ethnographers works and the development of the
ethnographical research.
The most ancient people settled on the territory of Azerbaijan more than 2
million years ago. While the elucidation of problems data the most important results of the
archaeological research works are taken into consideration.
520
Besides archaeology, historical sciences play also an important role in the
writing of the ethnographical works. That is why in the case of need the achievements
of historical sciences, valuable sources of the travelers, traveling notes of traders,
research workers and poets are used in this research work.
Museum collections, archive materials and publications of periodical press are
included there. And naturally data of agricultural sciences were widely used in the first
volume. For the investigation of some problems concerned to decorative-applied arts
were used the data of art study.
Ethnographical science confirm and describe facts at the same time reveals and
points regularity and condition of their creation, traces the stages of their development
from the common up to complicated ones, investigates that process having compared it
by observing the principles of historical methods.
Taking into consideration their specific characteristics the authors included
the short essay of the natural geographical characteristics of the country, too.
In the first volume is given history of aboriginal population of Azerbaijan in the
course of two million years and the characteristics of Paleolithic, Neolithic, Eneolithic
periods and Bronze Age; the period of collapse of primitive society and creation of the first
class society states, creation and development of feudalism, the history of capitalistic
relation.
It is known that one of the ancient and important discoveries of mankind
history is considered to be agriculture. Favorable natural geographical conditions on the
territory of our country since the ancient times created all the conditions for agriculture
to appear and develop. Existence of wild barely, wheat of the bread grains on this land,
primitive men engaging in gathering, were the major preconditions for the creation
of agriculture. Azerbaijan is regarded to be one of the most ancient agricultural regions
not only in the Caucasus but in the whole Near East. One of the first places of the
agricultural life of the people in Neolithic period occupies unwatered agriculture.
Development of ploughing tools from primitive up to more perfect, the methods and
means of reaping and threshing, the problems of keeping of grain, methods of land-
reclamation, vine-growing, gardening, melon-growing, vegetable-growing and other
brunches of agriculture.
Rice growing and silk worm breeding was the main occupation of the people
on some regions. Arrange of profitable technical crops were cultivated in Azerbaijan
since the early Middle Ages. According to the place in the economy of the people each
of these brunches of agriculture is given a place in this research work. The same can be
said about the beekeeping, cattle-breeding played an important role in the life of
Azerbaijan people thousands of years. The leading brunch of the economy in some
regions was sheep-breeding. Cattle-breeding, horse-breeding and camel-breeding took
the main place in the economy of the local people in the course of many centuries. The
research work includes interesting ethnographical information on processing and use of
cattle-breeding products.
521
The leading brunches of economy of the people in the ancient Stone Age was
hunting and fishing. Then in the further thousands years these brunches of economy did not
play a special role in the life of the people. There appeared producing spheres of
economy. There is very interesting evidence on the stages of their development and the
tools used in economical life. The existence of rich underground deposits and over
ground resources in Azerbaijan promoted the favorable conditions for the birth of
different trades and their development. But in this research work only brief information is
given about their main types.
One of the most ancient types of the trade in Azerbaijan was stone working.
History of this trade goes back to the history of primitive society. Tools made of stone
became one of the basic factors and played a big role in further development of human-
being. Territory of Azerbaijan had always been rich in different rocks of stone
resources.
Stone was widely used in building of dwellings, fortifications, articles of
everyday life, etc. Stone working traditions played an important role in the appearance of
new villages, towns, and other settlements. Much place is given to the description of
the processes of output, working, carving, notching of stone and tools that were
applied in stone working.
Pottery of one of the mist ancient types of trade appeared on the territory of our
country as far back as Neolithic period. Pottery sherds of the ancient periods may be
considered to be the alphabet of the archaeology and the important source for
investigation of the ancient periods of motherland history.
Further development of agriculture and cattle-breeding began in the Bronze
Age, stimulated expansion of pottery. It became more important because there was
necessity to keep products of agriculture, cattle-breeding and vine-making in special
vessels. Pottery wheels found at the archaeological excavations confirm it.
In the period of feudalism as in villages as well as in the towns were used
pottery vessels of a wide range of goods.
Different sorts of clay deposits located on the territory were the decisive factors
for the development of pottery in Azerbaijan. Processes and stages of development of
the main pottery wares from very plain up to complicated forms are stated in this work.
Since the Bronze Age, the existence of forests favored the development of wood working in
our country. Woods were widely used in buildings for production utensils and means of
transport.
Felling process of necessary sorts of trees their drying and working tools used
in such processes are described briefly there.
As far as back in Eneolithic period people in Azerbaijan knew the places of ores
which were the basic factors for the creation of metal- working. Copper-smith was one
of the necessary handicraftsmen of that time. In the period of feudalism copper making
reached the top level in Tebriz, Maraga, Ardebil, Shamakha, Lahij, Baku,
Nakhichevan, in other trade and handicraft centers. Samples of the wares produced by
522
skilful Azerbaijan braziers were set much everywhere.
Copper-working processes are described in this work, too.
The ancient type of metal working is considered to be jewelry. Azerbaijan
jewelers made fine jewelries of gold and silver decorated them with gem. Deposits
rich in gold, silver and gem on the territory of our country supported development of
jewelers' art. Jewelries were made first of all for the women. That is why the process
of producing of head, breast adornments as well as rings, bracelets, buckles is stated in
every detail. The names of famous jewelers are noted there.
There is also given interesting information about the blacksmith work,
tanning, fur trade, shoe-making, saddle-making, felt, etc.
One of the ancient and leading handicrafts in Azerbaijan is weaving. A source
of raw materials for this handicraft was cattle-breeding which our ancestors engaged as
far as back in the Neolithic period.
Sources of raw material as cotton, silk, flax wool, etc. make it possible to
trace evolution of weaving from the ancient times up to the beginning of XX century.
Shearing of small cattle, thread and coloring of the wool, the method of raw-cotton
cultivating silkworm breeding and the means used in these processes are considered
there.
Carpet making art in Azerbaijan which has more than three thousand years of
history is famous all over the world together with its «mugams» and «ashig musics».
Best patterns of different colored carpets made of wools, cotton and silk by our
masters concerned to Tebriz, Garabakh, Gazakh, Shirvan, Guba schools of weaving
decorate many famous museums of the world.
Interesting information about carpets with pile and without it, cilima, mafrash,
chuval, khurgjun is given in this research work.
Tools and weaving-looms used in weaving are described there.
523
QƏBUL EDĠLMĠġ ĠXTĠSARLAR
AEAM - Azərbaycan SSR Elmlər Akademiyasının Məruzələri
AEAX - Azərbaycan SSR Elmlər Akademiyasının Xəbərləri
AEATĠEA - Azərbaycan SSR Elmlər Akademiyası Tarix Ġnstitutunun elmi
arxivi
AEATĠEƏ - Azərbaycan SSR Elmlər Akademiyası Tarix Ġnstitutunun elmi
əsərləri
AMM - Azərbaycan maddi mədəniyyəti
ATMƏ - Azərbaycan Tarix Muzeyinin əsərləri
ATDM - Azərbaycan tarixinə dair materiallar
АЭС - Азерб. этнографический сборник
ВЭК - Вопросы этнографии Кавказа
ДАН Азерб. ССР - Доклады Академии наук Азерб. ССР
Изв. ААК - Известия Азерб. археологической комиссии
Изв. Азкомстарис - Известия Азерб. комитета по изучению памятников старины
и искусства
Изв. Аз.ФАН - Известия Азерб. филиала Академии наук СССР
Изв. АН Азерб. ССР - Известия Академии наук Азерб. ССР
Изв. КШС - Известия Кавказской шелководческой станции
Изв. ООИА - Известия общества обследования и изучения Азербайджана
КСИИМК - Краткие сообщения Института истории материальной культуры
КСИЭ СССР - Краткие сообщения Института этнографии АН СССР
КЭС - Кавказский этнографический сборник
МИЭБГКЗК - Материалы для изучения экономического быта
государственных крестьян Закавказского края
МИА СССР - Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР
МИЗ СССР -
Материалы по истории земледелия СССР
МКА - Материальная культура Азербайджана
МУКЛЗПИСК - Материалы дта устройства казенных летних и зимних
пастбищ и для изучения скотоводства на Кавказе
МИЭБКЗК - Материалы ддя изучения экономического быта
государственных крестьян Закавказского края
НАИИ АН Азерб. ССР - Научный архив Института истории Академии наук
Азерб. ССР
ОРВЗК - Обозрение Российских владений за Кавказом
СА - Советская археология
СМОМПК - Сборник материатов для описания местности и племен Кавказа
Сообщ. Груз.ФАН СССР - Сообщения Грузинского филиала Академии Наук
СССР
ССКЦРК - Сборник сведений по культуре ценных растений на Кавказе
СЭ - Советская этнография
ТИЗ АН Азерб. ССР - Труды Института земледелия Академии наук Азерб.
524
ССР
ТИИФ АН Азерб. ССР - Труды Института истории и философии Академии
наук Азерб. ССР
ТИИ АН Азерб. ССР - Труды Института истории Академии наук Азерб.
ССР
ТКОСХ - Труды Кавказского общества сельского хозяйства
ТМИ А - Труды музея истории Азербайджана
ТКШС - Труды Кавказской шелководческой сатнции
ТЕИМ - Труды Естественно-исторического музея
УЗИВ АН СССР - Ученые записки Института востоковедения Академии
наук СССР
ЦГИА – Центральный Государственный Исторический Архив
525
MÜNDƏRĠCAT
Ön söz (Teymur Bünyadov)……………………………………………… 5
FƏSĠL I. COĞRAFĠ ġƏRAĠT (Teymur Bünyadov, Qəzənfər
Rəcəbli)………………………………………………………………………………. 13
FƏSĠL II. TARĠXĠ OÇERK (Teymur Bünyadov, İqrar Əliyev, Qabil
Əliyev)……………………………………………………………………………….. 21
FƏSĠL III. ƏKĠNÇĠLĠK MƏDƏNĠYYƏTĠ
Taxılçılıq (Teymur Bünyadov, Şahpələng Quliyev, Qəmərşah
Cavadov)................................................................................................. 67
Çəltikçilik (Şahpələng Quliyev)..................................................112
Bostançılıq və tərəvəzçilik (Teymur Bünyadov, Şahpə/əng Quliyev,
Qəmərşah Cavadov)..........................................................................................130
Suvarma (Şahpəbng Quliyev).....................................................138
FƏSĠL IV. BAĞÇILIQ VƏ ÜZÜMÇÜLÜK
Bağçılıq (Teymur Bünyadov, Qəmərşah Cavadov)................. 171
Üzümçülük (Teymur Bünyadov, Qəmərşah Cavadov)...............186
FƏSĠL V. TEXNĠKĠ BĠTKĠLƏR VƏ ĠPƏKÇĠLĠK
Texniki bitkilər (Teymur Bünyadov)..........................................201
Ġpəkçilik (Tojiq Vəliyev, Şahpələng Quliyev).............................216
FƏSĠL VI. MALDARLIQ TƏSƏRRÜFATIMaldarliq (Teymur
Bünyadov)........................................................................................................231
Qoyunçuluq (Teymur Bünyadov)..............................................237
Qaramal (Teymur Bünyadov)....................................................257
Atçılıq {Teymur Bünyadov)........................................................271
Dəvəçilik (Teymur Bünyadov, Xaliəddin Xəlilov)290
FƏSĠL VII. OVÇULUQ, BALIQÇILIQ VƏ ARIÇILIQ
Ovçuluq (Şahpələng Quliyev, Qəmərşah Cavadov)..................305
Balıqçılıq (Ətiqə İzmaydova).....................................................319
Arıçılıq (Tofiq Babayev)............................................................329
FƏSĠL VIII. SƏNƏTKARLIQ
526
Ümumi məlumat (Arif Mustafayev)...............................................353
DaĢiĢləmə (Arif Mustafayev).........................................................355
Dulusçuluq (Sevil Ağamalıyeva)...................................................367
AğaciĢləmə (Qəmərşah Cavadov).................................................384
Misgərlik (Arif Mustqfayev)...........................................................391
Dəmirçilik (Arif Mustafayev).........................................................402
Zərgərlik (Arif Mustqfayev)...........................................................412
Dabbağlıq (Arif Mustafayev)..........................................................426
Papaqçılıq və kürkçülük (Arif Mustafayev).....................................436
BaĢmaqçıhq və çəkməçilik (Arif Mustafayev)................................439
Sərrachq (Arif Mustafayev).............................................................442
Həsirçilik (ArifMustafayev)............................................................449
ġalbaflıq (ArifMustafayev)..............................................................454
Keçəçilik (Teymur Bünyadov, Solmaz Məhərramova)......................463
Xalçaçılıq (Arif Mustafayev)............................................................469
Bəzzazhq (Arif'Mustafayev).............................................................479
ġərbafhq (Arif Mustafayev)...............................................................484
Tikmə sənəti (Gülsüm Əliyeva)..........................................................496
İstifadə olunmuş ədəbiyyat və qeydlər................................................501
PesiOMe (Teymur Bünyadov).................................................................. 534
Summary (Teymur Bünyadov) ............................................................539
Qəbul edilmiş ixtisarla).......................................................................541
527
BuraxılıĢa məsul: Əziz Güləliyev
Texniki redaktor: Rövşən Ağayev
Kompyuter səhifələyicisi: Rəvan Mürsəlov
Korrektor: Nadir Quliyev
Yığılmağa verilmiĢdir 14.03.2007.
Çapa imzalanmıĢdır 01.08.2007.
Formatı 70x90 V
]6
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Ofset çap üsulu.
Tirajı 25000. SifariĢ 197
DÜST 5773-90, DÜST 4.482-87
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