Education of the republic of uzbekistan state university of world languages

Embodied content: Abstract notions are transformations of concrete conceptions generated from lived experience in cognitive linguistics. The transformation mechanism is structural mapping, in which attributes from two or more source domains are selectively mapped onto a blended space (Fauconnier & Turner, 1995). Metaphors are a popular type of mix. This hypothesis, in contrast to the rationalist belief that concepts are perceptions (or recollections, to use Plato's term) of an independently existing world of ideas, rejects the reality of such a realm. It also contradicts the empiricist assumption that conceptions are abstract generalizations of individual experiences, because the contingent and corporeal experience is kept in a concept rather than abstracted away.
Realist universal concepts: Concepts are construed as abstract things in Platonist conceptions of the mind⁶. Plato was the most outspoken supporter of the realism premise of universal conceptions. Concepts (and ideas in general) are, in his opinion, innate thoughts that were instantiations of a transcendental universe of pure forms that existed behind the curtain of the physical world. Universals were thus explained as transcendent objects. Needless to say, this type of realism was inextricably linked with Plato's ontological aspirations. This remark about Plato is more than just historical. Kurt Gödel, for example, reintroduced the concept that numbers are Platonic objects in response to particular issues he perceived to arise from phenomenological descriptions.
Sense and reference: Gottlob Frege, as we mentioned earlier (pp. 5), the originator of the philosophical analytic tradition, famously advocated for the analysis of language in terms of sense and reference. For him, the sense of a language statement depicts a certain state of affairs in the world, namely the manner in which some item is presented. As many commentators consider the term of sense to be synonymous with the notion of concept, and Frege sees senses as linguistic representations of states of affairs in the world, it appears that we can understand concepts as the way we grasp the world. Concepts (as senses) so have an ontological character.