Education of the republic of uzbekistan state university of world languages

Prototype theory: Problems with the traditional conception of conceptual structure gave rise to prototype theory. According to prototype theory, ideas identify traits that members of a class tend to have rather than must have¹⁰. This theory's prominent proponents and founders include Wittgenstein, Rosch, Mervis, Berlin, Anglin, and Posner. Wittgenstein refers to the relationship between members of a class as family resemblances. There are no mandatory membership requirements; a dog with only three legs can nonetheless be a dog. This viewpoint is strengthened by psychological experimental evidence regarding prototypically effects. Participants voluntarily and regularly assess objects in classes such as "vegetable" or "furniture" as more or less typical of that class. Because our categories appear to be psychologically hazy, this structure has explanatory power. We can determine an item's membership in a concept's referent class by comparing it to the concept's typical member—the most central member. It will be cognitively admitted as a member of the relevant class of entities if it is comparable enough in the relevant ways. According to Rosch, each category is represented by a core exemplar that incorporates all or the maximum amount of elements of that category¹¹. According to Lech, Gunturkun, and Suchan, classification involves multiple parts of the brain. Visual association areas, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and temporal lobe are a few examples. The Prototype viewpoint is presented as an alternative to the Classical viewpoint. While Classical theory mandates all-or-nothing group membership, prototypes allow for more ambiguous borders and are distinguished by qualities. Lakoff emphasizes the importance of experience and cognition in the function of language, and Labov's experiment discovered that the function of an artifact contributed to what individuals classified it as. A container carrying mashed potatoes vs tea, for example, influenced individuals to define them as a bowl and a cup, respectively. This experiment also revealed the ideal dimensions of the "cup" prototype. Prototypes also deal with the core of things and the extent to which they fit into a category. A variety of experiments have been conducted using questionnaires that ask participants to rate something based on the extent to which it belongs to a category. Because anything is either a member of a category or it is not, this question contradicts Classical Theory. This type of difficulty can also be found in other branches of linguistics, such as phonology, where an illogical question like "is /i/ or /o/ a better vowel?"¹² In other circumstances, the Classical approach and Aristotelian concepts may be a better descriptor.