Comparative typology and its major distinctive features
Plan:
1.Quantitative limitation of compared languages;
2.Deep and Surface identity;
3.Indifference to Genetic identity;
4.Content approach to comparison.
Structural typology
The Structural typology is the major branch of Linguistic typology and aims to identify structural language types. The Structural typology has 4 branches: a) linguistic universals: b) typological classification; c) etalon language; d) typological theory.
Some scholars consider Structural typology an independent branch of General Linguistics. It is connected with Comparative Linguistics and a Theory of Linguistic Methods".
The ultimate goal of Structural typology is to identify universal features of languages. Major scholars who contributed to the development of structural typology are B. Uspenskiy, V.P. Nedyalkov, Ch. Hockette, Yu.Rojdestvenskiy.
Major parameters of Structural typology are:
Indifference to system identity;
Indifference to genetic identity;
Open list of compared languages/quantitative non-limitation
Areal non-limitation;
Possibility of deep and surface identity.
Indifference to etic -emic identity
Mostly one level approach to comparison; Relatively unlimited etalon language;
Complete typological operation in case of linguistic universals
A. Linguistic Universal* are bound to unification of language facts, identifying common/similar features specific to systems of all or separate language groups.
The notion of Linguistic Universals appeared in 1961 at the Congress of Linguists in New York where J. Greenburg, J. Jenkins and I. Osgood proposed a Memorandum on Language/Linguistic Universals". They defined it as follows: "A Linguistic Universal is a certain feature specific to all languages of the world or the language per se."
The universals may be classified according to various principles. For example, according to the statistic principle there are unrestricted (absolute or full) universals opposed to restricted (relative, partial) universals (some scholars prefer the term "tendency" instead of "universal"). According to language hierarchy there are phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic universals. Other types include deductive and inductive; synchronic and diachronic universals; universals of speech and universals of language.
For example, universals related to the levels of language hierarchy:
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