Jaguar (
Panthera onca)
Care Manual
22
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
landscaping element to another in order to reach a location otherwise out of reach. When
animal care
staff is unavailable to monitor them (e.g. when the zoo is closed to the public), jaguars should not remain
in an open-topped habitat. Jaguars are not known to dig routinely; however, it may be prudent to include
a buried 91.4 cm (36 in.) chain-link apron on the interior if concrete perimeter footers less than 61 cm (2
ft.) deep are employed.
A major risk to jaguars is the failure to use suitable materials to contain the animals. Jaguars often
grasp mesh with their canine teeth, over time damaging or breaking them entirely (Rabinowitz, 1986a;
Johnson, personal communication, 2014). Utilizing a mesh size too small for the animals to bite is one
suggested means to avoid this situation. Effective training and environmental enrichment are potentially
even more powerful tools to redirect habitual behavior (refer to Chapter 9, Behavior Management). It is
also important to remember the jaguar’s immense bite force. Single strand wire mesh types like chain link
or welded wire can be can be compromised by animals biting and pulling them apart.
Secondary containment: Secondary containment in keeper areas is recommended and can consist of a
safety door constructed of a mesh type described previously. A good rule of thumb to follow is that an
animal should always have at least two doors between its enclosure and potential escape. Likewise, a
clear field of view should be preserved at all times for keepers to observe animals’ locations. If a safety
door is not feasible, a way to look into the holding area, such as through safety glass, allows keepers to
be certain everything is in order prior to entering.
In addition to the main exhibit space and bedroom(s) described in Section 2.1, additional off-exhibit
outdoor holding space is useful and strongly recommended for participation in breeding programs.
Because long-term housing may be occasionally required to separate a mother with
cubs from the sire or
incompatible animals from one another, this space should conform to the minimum guidelines also
outlined above. An appropriate birthing den space should be provided for births and cub rearing. This
may be set up permanently or accomplished via temporary modification of bedrooms. It is important to
provide a sense of isolation and security for the animals while retaining the ability to manage and clean
the area(s). A means of remote observation within the den should be incorporated, and can be as simple
as a small viewing port or as advanced as closed-circuit video monitors (AZA Lion Species Survival Plan,
2012). For more information on birthing facilities, see section 8.1.
Transfer: Transfer doors and chutes are necessary to safely and effectively manage
large carnivores,
and they should be both as simple and as secure as possible. They should be designed to prevent
accidental contact between jaguars or with keepers and to prevent tails being injured by closing doors
during transfers. Doors may move horizontally (sliders) or vertically (guillotines), but design is often driven
by available space. Each type has advantages and drawbacks. Sliders may be obstructed by debris on
the track. Heavy guillotines are difficult for staff to operate and pose a risk of animal injury if they fall or
are dropped. Doors operated by cable and pulley systems should be inspected regularly for wear
because a door with a broken cable may move freely. Pins that go through both the door and the frame
are recommended to secure the door in place, whether open or closed, increasing safety and security.
These may be operated manually or designed with a spring mechanism to insert the pin automatically
when the pin and the hole align. Doors may be electric, hydraulic, or manually operated. Well-designed
manual doors are the most cost-effective choice and do not require as much specialized maintenance.
Electric doors should have a manual or battery backup for use during power outages. Regardless of
design, door controls should be in a location allowing the keeper to have a good view of the door and of
animals passing through it.
For transfer chutes, size considerations may be similar to those for shipping crates. This is
particularly true for chutes to which a crate may be attached when transferring jaguars and a means of
securely connecting a crate to the chute’s transfer door should be included in its construction. It is
recommended that squeeze/restraint chutes be incorporated into the design of the facility to provide an
alternative method of handling for procedures normally necessitating anesthesia. A properly designed
restraint cage allows simple close examination, collection of biological samples (e.g., blood, urine or
culture), or drug injection (e.g., antibiotics, vaccinations, anthelminthics or anesthetics). The
use of a cage
is less stressful compared to other remote delivery methods like darts or pole syringes, especially when
large volumes are required. One way to acclimate animals to a squeeze chute and prepare for its use is
to place it in a location through which the animals should routinely pass (AZA Lion Species Survival Plan,
2012).
Jaguar (
Panthera onca)
Care Manual
23
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
Feeding safety: Watering devices built into the exhibit/enclosure are appropriate for jaguars. These may
range from simple cement bowls to commercially available waterers, such those made by Nelson
®
.
Regardless of the choice made, it is important to remember the jaguar’s bite and body strength. The
watering device should be able to withstand the attention of a determined jaguar while remaining
functional and avoiding injury to the animal. Pools may be used as drinking water sources, but these
should be designed to be easily emptied and cleaned. Many felids will urinate and defecate in water
bowls, so frequent cleaning will be necessary.
Well-designed food chutes may be utilized to deliver meat to jaguars safely. Their advantage is that
they allow keepers to deliver meat quickly; however, chutes may require covers when not in use to keep
animals from reaching out or from having objects unintentionally dropped into them. The
location of a
food chute should be considered carefully to avoid blocking visibility into the enclosure (AZA Lion Species
Survival Plan, 2012).
Thus, an effective and safe jaguar habitat often employs a
combination of materials and construction methods to contain the
animals securely, protect the public and employees, yet present
an aesthetically pleasing and functional habitat.
Exhibits in which the visiting public is not intended to have
contact with animals must have a barrier of sufficient strength
and/or design to deter such contact (
AZA Accreditation Standard
11.3.6).
Secondary guardrails should be utilized wherever the
potential exists for public contact with primary containment
fencing or mesh materials. Designers should
consult state or local
regulations and guidelines for appropriate public barriers to
prevent exhibit contact. The public should be protected from
unauthorized contact with zoo animals. Public viewing points
composed of tempered glass are commonly used in conjunction
with interpretive graphics and do not require the use of secondary
guardrails. Moated exhibits do not necessarily require guardrails,
but railings do tend to discourage the public from climbing onto or
placing children on the containment wall. As moat walls act as a
form of primary containment, a public barrier height of no less
than 1.22 m (4 ft) is recommended, and the vertical surface
should lack footholds.
All emergency safety procedures must be clearly written,
provided to appropriate paid and unpaid staff, and
readily
available for reference in the event of an actual emergency (AZA
Accreditation Standard 11.2.4).
When planning for natural disasters or other emergencies, the
primary concern for jaguars is the need to ensure that the animal
can be secured in a place that does not allow escape.
Determining that the dangerous animal is still safely confined is
essential before allowing rescue workers to enter an area.
Quickly and safely relocating animals during an emergency,
poses a substantial challenge in avoiding injury to staff and
animals, not to mention obtaining behavioral compliance under
unusual circumstances. Therefore, some portion
of jaguar
enclosures, such as bedroom(s), should be designed and
constructed to securely shelter the animals in place during severe
weather, environmental or other emergency (e.g. tornado,
hurricane, flood, fire, earthquake, etc.).
Staff training for emergencies must be undertaken and
records of such training maintained. Security personnel must be
trained to handle all emergencies in full accordance with the policies and procedures of the institution and
in some cases, may be in charge of the respective emergency (AZA Accreditation Standard 11.6.2).
AZA Accreditation Standard
(11.3.6) There must be barriers in place
(for example, guardrails, fences, walls,
etc.) of sufficient strength and/or design to
deter public entry into animal exhibits or
holding areas, and to deter public contact
with animals in
all areas where such
contact is not intended.
AZA Accreditation Standard
(11.6.2) Security personnel, whether
employed by the institution, or a provided
and/or contracted service, must be
trained to handle all emergencies in full
accordance with the policies and
procedures of the institution. In some
cases, it is recognized that Security
personnel may be in charge of the
respective emergency (i.e. shooting
teams).
AZA Accreditation Standard
(11.2.4) All emergency procedures must
be written and provided to appropriate
paid and unpaid staff. Appropriate
emergency procedures must be readily
available for reference in the event of an
actual emergency.
AZA Accreditation Standard
(11.2.5) Live-action emergency drills
(functional exercises) must be conducted
at least once annually for each of the four
basic types of emergency (fire; weather or
other environmental emergency
appropriate to the region; injury to visitor
or paid/unpaid staff; and animal escape).
Four separate drills are required. These
drills must be recorded and results
evaluated for compliance
with emergency
procedures, efficacy of paid/unpaid staff
training, aspects of the emergency
response that are deemed adequate are
reinforced, and those requiring
improvement are identified and modified.
(See 11.7.4 for other required drills).