38
the discussion of the Common Proto-Sámi
vocabulary, and taking a stance on the
historical relationship between Sámi and
Finnic languages in the Uralic family has a
bearing on discussions of etymologies.
It is unclear when the Pre-Sámi language or
dialect of Proto-Uralic began to be spoken in
rough proximity to the Baltic Sea.
Scholarship
has long considered that Sámi and Finnic
evolved from a common Proto-Finno-Sámic
language phase, with their separation as one of
the most recent major developments in the
Uralic family tree, a view that is still widely
current.
4
This question is significant for
whether certain vocabulary was borrowed into
these languages during a shared language
phase or should instead be viewed as either
independent loans or mediated from one
language into the other. Aikio (2012: 67–70,
75–76) stresses that, if there were such a
common language phase, it must have been
relatively short since the Sámi and Finnic
families exhibit few shared innovations, and
these could equally be attributable to areal
contacts.
5
In addition, Mordvin exhibits
relations to both Finnic and Sámi, but the
connectoins between these three branches of
Uralic do not resolve into a clear stemmatic
relation of genetic descent (Saarikivi 2011:
106–110). Mikhail Zhivlov (2014: 116–117)
has proposed that either Sámi and Mordvin
participated in contact-induced changes that
Finnic did not or that they evolved from a
common West Uralic dialect independent of
Finnic. The westward spread of Uralic
languages remains obscure, but Petri Kallio
(forthcoming) argues that Early Proto-Finnic
expanded during the Bronze Age from a
different ecological zone through areas where
Proto-Baltic dialects were spoken but were
gradually subsumed in a language shift. The
loanword vocabulary suggests assimilation of
practices and technologies especially in the
area of animal husbandry (Larsson 2001: 238–
240). Loans from Early Proto-Germanic / Pre-
Germanic also begin in the Bronze Age (Kallio
2015b: 29–32). In the Bronze Age, trans-Baltic
trade opened from Scandinavia both directly
via Gotland to the Gulf of Riga (Vasks 2010:
154–156) and further north via Åland to the
coasts of the Gulf of Finland (Siiriäinen 2003:
58–59). Assuming the relevant groups from
Scandinavia spoke Pre-Germanic, the loans
into Proto-Finnic would be consistent with
Proto-Finnic’s spread through Baltic language
areas into regions east of the Baltic Sea and
engagement with these trade networks.
Proto-Baltic contacts with Pre-Sámi seem
to have been mediated through Proto-Finnic
(Aikio 2012: 72–73) and seem not to have
extended to the domain of animal husbandry,
6
which is a potential indicator that Proto-Sámi
arrived in the region independent of Proto-
Finnic. Proto-Sámi exhibits contacts with so-
called Palaeo-European languages (i.e. neither
Indo-European nor Uralic) both in Lapland and
in Finland (Aikio 2012: 80–88, 91–92). It is
not possible to determine whether other
vocabulary of obscure etymology only found
in the Sámi language family derives from Pre-
Sámi contacts with Palaeo-European languages
(cf. Aikio 2004). On the other hand, Kallio
(forthcoming) finds
that there are so few items
in the Proto-Finnic lexicon which lack known
etymologies that there is no reason to suspect a
Palaeo-European impact, which is an additional
indicator that Proto-Finnic was spoken farther
south. Pre-Sámi had some contacts with Early
Proto-Germanic, although not as extensive as
those
of Proto-Finnic, suggesting that it was at
a greater remove from the presumable trade
networks (Aikio 2012: 70–76). Geographically,
dialects of Pre-Sámi from which Proto-Sámi
emerged seem unlikely to have been
established south of the Gulf of Finland or
Lake Ladoga, where Proto-Finnic seems to
have spread and have been connected with
different livelihoods. Proto-Sámi was also
likely at a remove from the coastal territories
of today’s Finland where forms of animal
husbandry and light agriculture were practiced
(on which, see Solantie 2005) and which was
more directly linked with early trans-Baltic
trade (Siiriäinen 2003: 58–59). The best guess
is that it was spoken in the southern half of
Karelia and/or inland Finland, as illustrated in
Map 1 (see also Aikio 2006: esp. 45).
Proto-Sámi emerged through the Great
Sámi Vowel Shift, of which Aikio states:
That such a complex and idiosyncratic series
of changes in pronunciation was completed
with near 100% regularity implies that it took
place in a relatively compact and tight-knit
speech community. In other words, the