40
made it seem useful or desirable for others to
be able to also speak Proto-Sámi. The language
seems to have spread specifically or
predominantly through mobile hunting and
fishing groups whose local languages were
gradually eclipsed, potentially much later. An
aggressive or authoritative role in
some sort of
economic network could potentially account
for the language of
an otherwise small number
of speakers to rapidly spread across a large
geographical area without mass migrations or
a centralizing political structure. Aikio (2012:
105–106, and cf. 79) suggests that the role of
the language in the Scandinavian fur trade could
have been a factor in Proto-Sámi’s spread in
Lapland. However, Scandinavian contacts
seem to have been a consequence of language
spread rather than its motivation. On the other
hand, the increase of the fur trade in the Viking
Age may have been a catalyst that led Proto-
Sámi to finally eclipse other languages (Frog
& Saarikivi 2014/2015: 107n.19). Whatever
initiated the process of spread, Proto-Sámi seems
to have become
de facto enabled as a
lingua
franca for the majority of what were likely
multilingual populations across most of Fenno-
scandia. If it did not spread through the agency
of speakers conducting trade, its role in trade
networks would have been a natural outcome.
Aikio (2012: 77) distinguishes three Proto-
Sámi dialects reflected in surviving Sámi
languages (cf. also Häkkinen 2010: 60):
Southwest dialect – reflected in South Sámi,
Ume Sámi and probably Pite Sámi
Northwest dialect – reflected in Lule Sámi
and North Sámi
Northeast
9
dialect – reflected in Inari, Kemi,
Skolt, Kildin and Ter Sámi
Additional dialects can be assumed in Finland
and Karelia that disappeared with the spread of
North Finnic languages (cf. Aikio 2012: 88–
97; Kuzmin 2014: 285–287), which becomes
particularly evident when Proto-Sámi dialects
are superimposed on a map of their descendant
languages (Map 2).
Later Sámi languages form an interlocking
continuum (Map 3). Considering potentially
distinctive influences that Proto-Sámi may
have received through contacts in different
Map 2. Grey dashed lines roughly distinguish dialects of Proto-Sámi according to Aikio (2012: 77) superimposed on
descendant Sámi languages of Map 3. N.B. – the geographical distribution of Proto-Sámi dialects likely changed
across the centuries and thus the dialect areas indicated here should not be considered to accurately reflect their
areal distribution in e.g. AD 500.