1-mavzu: O’sish va rivojlanishning umumiy qonuniyatlari reja

Tayanch-harakat apparatining gigiyenasi

Bolalarning o‘quv va mehnat faoliyatini tashkil etishda o‘quv va mehnat sharoitlarining gigiyenaga to‘g‘ri kelmasligi, sinf jihozlarining maqsadga muvofiq bo‘lmasligi, portfelini doim bir qo‘lda olib yurishi, uydagi turmushni uyushtirishda ish o‘rnining gigiyenik jihatdan to‘g‘ri kelmasligi, o‘rin–ko‘rpaning haddan tashqari yumshoq va notekis bo‘lishi umurtqa pog‘onasining rivojlanish xususiyatlariga yto’g’rilicha baho bermaslik tayanch-harakat apparatining noto‘g‘ri o‘sib – rivojlanishiga olib keladi. Tayanch-harakat apparatining gigiyenik qonunlarga rioya qilmaslik umurtqa pog‘onasining rivojlanishiga, ya’ni qad-qomatning buzilishiga olib keladi. Bularga egilgan, kifotik, lordotik, skoliotik qad-qomat deyiladi.

Egilgan qad-qomat bolalar tik turganda boshi bir oz oldinga egilgan, elkalari oldinga osilgan, ko‘krak qafasi botiqroq, qorni oldinga chiqqan bo‘ladi.

Kifotik qad-qomatli bolalarda kuraklar qanotga o‘xshash ko‘tarilib turadi. Bukir holat yuzaga keladi.

Lordotik qad-qomatli kishilarda gavdasining orqa qismi tekis, ko‘krak qafasi yassi, qorni oldinga chiqqan bo‘ladi, umurtqa pog‘onasining bel qismi normadan ko‘proq oldinga buqilishi kuzatiladi.

Skolioz deb ataluvchi qad-qomatli bolalarda tik turganda elkalarining biri past, biri baland, ko‘kraklari ham past, baland bo‘lib, ko‘krak qafasining bir tomoni bo‘rtganroq, ikkinchi tomoni botiqroq holatda bo‘ladi. Qad-qomatning buzilishi faqat tashqi ko‘rinishni emas, balki ichki organlar (o‘pka, yurak, jigar, buyrak, oshqozon va ichak kabilar) ning rivojlanishi va funksiyasiga ham salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.

Bolalarda umurtqa pog‘onasining normal shakllanishi uchun quyidagi gigiyenik qoidalarga amal qilish kerak; bolani yoshlikdan tekis va bir oz qattiqroq to‘shakda uxlashga o‘rgatish, yostiq pastroq bo‘lishi kerak; bolani 6 oylik bo‘lguncha o‘tkazmaslik, 10 oylik bo‘lguncha oyog’ida uzoq vaqt tik turg‘azmaslik kerak; kichik yoshdagi bolalar, boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilari uzoq vaqt bir joyda o‘tirmasligi, tik turmasligi, uzoq masofaga yurmasligi, og‘ir yuk ko‘tarmasligi, doim bir qo‘lda ish bajarmasligi kerak; o‘quvchilar bo‘ylariga mos parta, stol-stullarda o‘tirishi kerak, parta, stol-stulda o‘tirganda gavdasi tik, elkalari bir tekisda, beli stul yoki parta suyanchig‘iga suyanib turishi, oyoqlari tizza bug‘imida to‘g‘ri burchak hosil qilib, bukilgan, ko‘krak bilan parta qirrasi orasida 3-5 smga yaqin masofa bo‘lishi kerak.

Yassioyoqlik. Odam tovon kaftining pastki qismi tayanch-harakat tizimining ressori vazifasini bajaradi. Bolalar uzoq vaqt tik turganda, og‘ir yuk ko‘targanda, tor poyafzal kiyganda oyoq panjasi gumbazi yassilanadi, natijada yassioyoqlik kelib chiqadi. Yassioyoqlik natijasida oyog’ining tovon-panja va boldir muskullarida og‘riq bo‘ladi. Yassioyoqlik tug‘ma va hayotda orttirilgan bo‘ladi. Yassioyoqlikning tug‘ilgandan keyin yuzaga kelishi sabablari quyidagilardan iborat: bolani juda yoshligidan (8-10 oyligidan) boshlab yurg‘izish, uzoq vaqt tik turg‘izish, yosh bolaga poshnasi yumshoq poyabzal kiygizish, o‘quvchilarning kun bo‘yi poshnasiz sport poyabzalida yurishi, poshnasi baland, uchi tor poyabzallarni kiyish, og‘ir yuk ko’tarish.

Ana shularni hisobga olib, yassioyoqlikni oldini olishga e’tibor berish kerak. Shu bilan bir qatorda davlatimiz tomonidan maxsus ortopedik poyafzallarni ishlab chiqarish maqsadga muvofiqdir.

Sog’liqning muhim belgilari bu kishilarning tugilish, o’sish, yashash, ishlash va keksayish davridagi sharoitlar va shu jumladan, sog’liq tizimidir. Bu vaziyatlar pul, kuch va boylilklarning iqtisodiy tanlovlar ta’siri ostida xalqaro, milliy, mahalliy darajada taqsimlanishi tomonidan shakllantiriladi.

Sog’liqdagi bir maromdagi yoki qadam-vaqadam pasayish ijtimoiy holatning pasayishi bilan birga keladi. U yalpi aholi bo’ylab ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va sog’liq o’rtasidagi bog’liqlikni ko’rsatadi. Qaysidir usulda sog’liq o’lchanadi va ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy jihatdan manfaatli, yaxshi sog’liqqa ega va kasallik yoki o’lim havfining quyi darajasida turgan guruxlar ustidan ma’lum daraja o’rnatishga moyil bo’ladi. G’arb davlatlarida darajaviylikning shakli o’limlar soni, noxushliklarning oshishi va ijtimoiy noqulayliklarning oshishi sababli yaxshi yashashning pasayishi uchun birmuncha tekis bo’ladi. Vaqt o’tgani sayin, sog’lomlik darajasi yuqoriga tomon ko’tarilyapti, chunki ko’plab insonlarning sog’lig’i yaxshilanmoqda. Shunga qaramasdan, so’g’lom muhitda yashovchilarning ko’pchiligi yaxshilanish darajasini bundanda oshirishga moyil bo’lishmoqda, shu sababdan, adolatsizlik va tengsizliklar ham oshishga moyil bo’lyapti.³⁰

1^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 6-18 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

2^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 209-213 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

3^ The Rignt Start to a Healthy Life. Contact : i.stegeman @eurohealthnet.eu, c.costongs @eurohealtnet.eu EuroHealthNet, Rue de la Loi 67 , 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 178-185 betlar mohiyatidan foydalanildi.

4^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 212-228 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

5^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 212-228 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

6^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 229-350 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

7^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 328-358 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

8^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 358-420 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

9^{ The Rignt Start to a Healthy Life. Contact : i.stegeman @eurohealthnet.eu, c.costongs @eurohealtnet.eu EuroHealthNet, Rue de la Loi 67 , 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 120-130 betlar mazmun va mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

10^{ The Rignt Start to a Healthy Life. Contact : i.stegeman @eurohealthnet.eu, c.costongs @eurohealtnet.eu EuroHealthNet, Rue de la Loi 67 , 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 135-136 betlar mazmun va mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

11^{ The Rignt Start to a Healthy Life. Contact : i.stegeman @eurohealthnet.eu, c.costongs @eurohealtnet.eu EuroHealthNet, Rue de la Loi 67 , 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 130-131 betlar mazmun va mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

12^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 358-420 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

13^{ The Rignt Start to a Healthy Life. Contact : i.stegeman @eurohealthnet.eu, c.costongs @eurohealtnet.eu EuroHealthNet, Rue de la Loi 67 , 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 120-130 betlar mazmun va mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

14^{ The Rignt Start to a Healthy Life. Contact : i.stegeman @eurohealthnet.eu, c.costongs @eurohealtnet.eu EuroHealthNet, Rue de la Loi 67 , 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 135-136 betlar mazmun va mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

15^{ The Rignt Start to a Healthy Life. Contact : i.stegeman @eurohealthnet.eu, c.costongs @eurohealtnet.eu EuroHealthNet, Rue de la Loi 67 , 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 130-131 betlar mazmun va mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

16^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 358-420 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

17^{ The Rignt Start to a Healthy Life. Contact : i.stegeman @eurohealthnet.eu, c.costongs @eurohealtnet.eu EuroHealthNet, Rue de la Loi 67 , 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 120-130 betlar mazmun va mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

18^{ The Rignt Start to a Healthy Life. Contact : i.stegeman @eurohealthnet.eu, c.costongs @eurohealtnet.eu EuroHealthNet, Rue de la Loi 67 , 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 135-136 betlar mazmun va mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

19^{ The Rignt Start to a Healthy Life. Contact : i.stegeman @eurohealthnet.eu, c.costongs @eurohealtnet.eu EuroHealthNet, Rue de la Loi 67 , 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 130-131 betlar mazmun va mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

20^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 355-370 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

21^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 355-430 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

22^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 420-450 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

23^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 430-470 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

24^{ The Rignt Start to a Healthy Life. Contact : i.stegeman @eurohealthnet.eu, c.costongs @eurohealtnet.eu EuroHealthNet, Rue de la Loi 67 , 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 177-200 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi}

25^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 450-470 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

26^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 355-370 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

27^{ The Rignt Start to a Healthy Life. Contact : i.stegeman @eurohealthnet.eu, c.costongs @eurohealtnet.eu EuroHealthNet, Rue de la Loi 67 , 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 180-190 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

28^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003. 455-480 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

29^{ Anatomy of the Human Body.Henry Gray.Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University.In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003.455-499 betlar mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.}

30^ The Rignt Start to a Healthy Life. Contact : i.stegeman @eurohealthnet.eu, c.costongs @eurohealtnet.eu EuroHealthNet, Rue de la Loi 67 , 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 194 bet mazmun mohiyatidan foydalanildi.