Index
A
Abraham, 115, 285, 317
abuse, 221
access, ix, 93, 96, 138, 170, 183, 192, 210, 218, 220,
230, 258, 299
accounting, 323
accuracy, 305, 315
acetaldehyde, 129, 293
acid, 15, 20, 27, 143, 225, 259, 276, 281, 286, 323,
324, 326, 328, 331
acidic, 276, 317
acidity, 229, 242
acne, 336, 341
acne vulgaris, 336, 341
acquired immunity, 332, 333
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 44
acromegaly, 226
activation, 300, 309, 324, 333, 340, 341
active site, 302
active treatment, 306
actuality, 73
acute, 294, 295, 311, 337, 340
acute leukemia, 189
acute myeloid leukemia, 337, 340
adaptation, 15, 229
adenocarcinoma, 242
adenosine, 330
adenosine triphosphate, 330
adenovirus, 226
adhesion, 7, 37, 56, 66, 100, 123, 129, 220, 222, 232,
238, 258, 260, 269, 281, 332, 336, 341
adiponectin, 186
adipose, 186
adipose tissue, 186
adiposity, 229, 248, 254
adjunctive therapy, 119
adjustment, 79, 89, 168, 291
administration, 293, 309, 314
adolescents, vii, xi, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 48, 51, 53, 54,
56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 116, 206, 211, 226, 245,
254, 256, 296, 308, 310, 312, 318
adrenal cortex, 295
adult, 292, 299, 310, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 318
adult population, 292, 310
adulthood, 52, 57, 112
adults, vii, xi, 2, 31, 32, 33, 55, 60, 64, 65, 86, 89,
104, 123, 131, 166, 182, 184, 213, 226, 230, 239,
243, 245, 247, 248, 249, 251, 274, 288, 291, 308,
309, 312, 316, 318, 319
advancement, 9, 10, 26
advancements, 102
advantages, 8, 10, 11, 16, 210
adverse effects, 18, 125, 261, 294
adverse event, 179
aerobic, 330
aerobic bacteria, 330
aerodigestive tract, 242
aerosols, 222
aesthetic, vii, 18, 22, 24, 25, 29, 109, 110, 210
aesthetics, 25, 74
aetiology, 231, 244, 304
agar, 259, 260, 265
age, vii, xiii, 2, 31, 32, 33, 35, 44, 45, 50, 51, 56, 57,
58, 59, 60, 108, 112, 122, 167, 173, 180, 181, 182,
188, 190, 221, 226, 230, 231, 254, 287, 288, 290,
291, 292, 293, 298, 304, 305, 306, 308, 313, 315,
316, 317
ageing, 317
agent, 347
agents, xiii, 322, 324, 339
age-related diseases, 290
Index
354
AGEs, 297
aggregation, 220, 267
agility, 224
aging, 290, 291, 308, 311
aging population, 189
agonist, 269
aid, 306
AIDS, 232
air, 293
airway epithelial cells, 336, 351
airway surface, 340
airways, 222
albumin, 103
alcohol, 295
alcohol abuse, 221
alcohol consumption, 224, 228
alcoholism, 112
alendronate, 310
algorithm, 304
allele, 182
alleles, 302
alpha, xiii, 309, 311, 313, 321, 340, 341, 344, 346,
347
alternative, 306, 331
alters, 73, 190, 226
alveolar ridge, 3, 195, 198, 201
amenorrhea, 232
amino, xiii, 225, 276, 321, 323, 326, 328, 330
amino acid, xiii, 225, 276, 321, 323, 326, 328, 330
ammonia, 231
anaerobe, xii, 46, 257, 258
anaerobic, 330
anaerobic bacteria, 111, 138, 219, 224, 228, 239,
330
anatomy, 173, 198, 203
anchoring, 10
anemia, 226
angina, 218
angiogenesis, 114, 135, 229, 336
angiogenic, 345
angulation, 161, 170
animal studies, 290
animals, 293, 298, 299
ankylosing spondylitis, 233
ANOVA, 263, 265
antacids, 232
antagonism, 266
anterior pituitary, 295
antibacterial, 302, 330, 343, 347, 348, 349
antibiotic, 37, 41, 44, 49, 139, 168, 169, 181, 259,
262, 264, 267, 280, 340, 343, 344, 345, 349
antibiotics, 329, 340, 343, 347
antibody, 99, 115, 168, 218, 225, 239, 240, 263, 264,
277, 299, 301
anti-cancer, 274, 281, 286
anticoagulant, 277
anti-convulsants, 162
antigen, 118, 127, 239, 300, 301, 317
antimicrobial protein, 323, 342, 343, 346, 348, 351
antimicrobial therapy, 111, 168, 293
antioxidant, 112, 115, 119, 281
anxiety, 22, 295
aorta, 117, 259, 341
apex, 75
apoptosis, 117, 126, 127, 129, 134, 150, 229, 270,
302, 336, 341
appendicitis, 216
appetite, 226
architecture, 5, 13
arginine, 225
Aristotle, 67, 77
arrest, 302
arteries, 158
artery, 138, 149, 246, 268
arthritis, xi, xii, 114, 116, 215, 216, 217, 219, 223,
233, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 285
arthrodesis, 185
aseptic, 198
Asia, 245
asian, 291
aspartate, 106
aspartic acid, 276
aspiration, 222, 238
assaults, 338
assessment, 28, 61, 68, 81, 87, 95, 108, 113, 114,
117, 118, 147, 173, 175, 179, 180, 241, 286, 298,
303, 304, 305, 306, 313, 318
assessment models, 304
atherosclerosis, xi, xii, 113, 116, 117, 138, 150, 151,
185, 215, 217, 219, 227, 246, 268, 273, 278, 281,
285, 290, 343
atherosclerotic plaque, 219, 234, 258, 268, 284
atmosphere, 259
atopic dermatitis, 337, 348
autism, 58
autoantibodies, 225
autoimmune diseases, 112, 115, 226
autoimmune hepatitis, 226
autonomic nervous system, 295
Index
355
autopsy, 71
avoidance, 249, 310
avoidance behavior, 310
awareness, vii, 1, 4, 210
azurophilic, 324, 325
B
bacillus, 177
bacteremia, 111, 118, 218, 224
bacterial, 294, 300, 302, 309, 324, 330, 331
bacterial infection, vii, viii, xi, 63, 93, 115, 215, 225,
229, 274, 279, 280
bacterial pathogens, 132, 330
bacterial strains, 259
bacterium, 225, 329
barrier, 322, 327, 337, 345, 348
basal lamina, 155
basal layer, 324, 328
base, 4, 14, 24, 95, 117, 118, 171, 172, 207, 208,
209, 245, 326, 345
base pair, 326
basement membrane, 154, 185
behavioral change, 296
behaviors, 186, 192, 221, 239, 251, 289, 294, 295
Belgium, 77
bending, 75, 83
beneficial effect, 183, 188
benefits, 133, 149, 188, 210, 281, 286
benign, 232
bias, 223
biliary cirrhosis, 233
bilirubin, 115
biliverdin, 115
binding, 301, 331
biochemistry, 133, 241
biocompatibility, 14
biological activities, 339
biological media, 111
biological processes, 94
biological responses, 301
biomarkers, ix, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101,
102, 103, 104, 107, 114, 118, 139, 242, 338
biomaterials, 14, 91
biomechanics, vii, 77, 91
biopsy, 140, 143, 146, 195
birth weight, 150, 219, 220, 236, 237, 275
births, 57, 138
birthweight, 237
blacks, 181
bleeding, x, 16, 17, 25, 35, 42, 69, 95, 105, 109, 110,
122, 131, 139, 140, 145, 148, 151, 162, 166, 169,
174, 182, 187, 200, 205, 206, 209, 230, 231, 274,
275, 283, 288, 296, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 309,
310, 312, 316
blocks, 327
blood, ix, x, 11, 15, 16, 21, 23, 33, 88, 94, 96, 107,
113, 118, 127, 134, 137, 144, 148, 158, 164, 186,
191, 217, 218, 220, 227, 228, 230, 234, 241, 249,
251, 259, 260, 265, 286, 294, 295, 296, 311, 316,
322, 328, 332, 336, 342
blood circulation, 220
blood flow, 88
blood glucose, 295
blood pressure, 186
blood stream, 113, 230, 234
blood supply, 11, 15, 16, 21, 23, 158
blood vessels, 33, 127, 144, 164, 220, 249, 322, 328,
332
bloodstream, xi, 111, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 295
B-lymphocytes, 333
body composition, 186
body fat, 248
body fluid, 94
body mass index (BMI), 224, 248, 251, 254, 255
body weight, 232, 249
bonding, 208
bonds, xiii, 321, 323
bone cells, 280, 282, 285
bone density, 297, 298
bone form, 101, 185, 198, 280
bone loss, 288, 290, 292, 293, 296, 298, 303, 304,
306, 308, 309, 310, 312, 314, 315, 317, 318
bone marrow, 189, 340
bone marrow transplant, 189
bone mass, 187, 231, 297
bone resorption, 8, 38, 41, 101, 102, 111, 138, 164,
190, 219, 232, 234, 269, 274, 275, 280, 281, 298,
300, 312
bone volume, 72
bones, 154, 187, 231, 233
boundary conditions, 79, 92
bovine, 323, 349
bowel, 218, 232, 345
brain, 216, 218, 230, 243, 244, 259
brain abscess, 216, 218
Brazilian, 317
breakdown, vii, viii, ix, 57, 93, 96, 97, 123, 185, 228,
231, 304, 310, 314
breast cancer, 286
Index
356
breast carcinoma, 117
bridges, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 333
broad spectrum, 323, 340
bronchial epithelial cells, 332, 343
bronchus, 326
brothers, 39, 44, 45
bruxism, 73, 87
C
CAD, 77
Cairo, 9, 25, 87, 314
calcifications, 231
calcitonin, 98
calcium, 40, 162, 189, 232, 327, 332, 346
calcium channel blocker, 40, 162, 189
calculus, 23, 35, 60, 111, 122, 131, 147, 164, 174,
177, 181, 182, 183, 190, 191, 200, 221, 230, 245,
292, 303, 304, 308
canals, 231
cancer, x, xi, xii, 114, 115, 121, 139, 189, 215, 217,
219, 228, 229, 233, 241, 242, 248, 273, 325
cancer death, 228
candidates, 114, 124, 198
candidiasis, 336, 339
CAP, 222, 343, 346, 351
capillary, 227
capsule, 302
carbohydrate, 184, 271
carbohydrate metabolism, 271
carbon, 293
carbon monoxide, 293
carcinogenesis, 229
carcinoma, 132, 226, 242, 325, 347
cardiovascular disease, ix, xi, xii, 108, 111, 112, 113,
115, 118, 138, 150, 151, 180, 186, 215, 216, 217,
219, 229, 234, 236, 241, 242, 245, 246, 248, 249,
257, 258, 268, 275
cardiovascular risk, 149, 229, 234, 243, 254
cardiovascular system, 127, 271
caries, x, xi, xiii, 2, 53, 121, 131, 132, 184, 193, 216,
217, 224, 231, 247, 250, 251, 254, 287, 303, 306,
311, 325, 350
carrier, 350
cartilage, 102, 103
case studies, 14
cat scan, 176
catabolism, 114
catalytic activity, 119
catecholamines, 295
category d, 37
cathepsin B, 331
cathepsin G, 99, 100, 104
caucasian, 297, 311
caucasians, 66, 291, 317
cavernous sinus thrombosis, 218
CCA, 47, 55
CCR, 333, 351
cDNA, 283, 326, 328
celiac sprue, 226
cell, 290, 294, 300, 301, 324, 325, 327, 328, 330,
331, 332, 333, 335, 336, 339, 342, 343, 347, 349
cell culture, 266, 269
cell cycle, 276
cell death, 269, 279
cell differentiation, 279, 327, 332, 342
cell division, 129
cell invasion, xii, 257, 258, 264, 266
cell line, 259, 284, 328, 336
cell membranes, 331
cell surface, 266, 301, 333
cellulitis, 218
cement, 219
central nervous system, 230
ceramic, 76, 91, 92
cerebral palsy, 58
cervix, 43
CGC, 47
challenges, xiii, 96, 103, 180, 289, 294, 321, 322
channel blocker, 40
chaperones, 114, 115
chemical, 15, 101, 129, 164, 210, 213, 214, 223
chemiluminescence, 126
chemoattractant, 331, 333, 341, 350
chemokine, 328, 332, 333, 342
chemokine receptor, 332, 333
chemokines, 114, 148, 258, 322, 331, 332, 336, 348
chemotaxis, 125, 126, 163, 190, 227, 232, 283, 294,
297, 314, 331, 332, 333, 347
Chicago, 89, 92, 195, 200
childhood, 44, 51, 62, 63, 183, 249, 254, 338
children, vii, viii, x, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 42, 44, 48, 49,
50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,
63, 64, 65, 66, 116, 121, 166, 168, 173, 183, 184,
210, 211, 212, 213, 226, 231, 245, 249, 255, 288,
296, 308, 310, 312, 316, 325, 350
China, 242
cholesterol, 220, 229, 231
chromosome, 57, 325, 326, 328, 344, 350
Index
357
chronic diseases, xi, xii, 161, 164, 181, 189, 247, 248,
250, 251, 254, 256
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 114,
222, 238
chronic renal failure, 245
chronic stress, 296
cigarette smoke, 123, 125, 127, 128, 129, 133, 135,
191, 293, 309
cigarette smoking, xiii, 122, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135,
191, 274, 287, 292, 293, 294, 305, 310, 311, 312,
313, 314, 316, 318
cigarettes, 292, 295
circulation, 126, 131, 220, 221, 224, 230, 243, 295
cirrhosis, 233
class, 15, 99, 216, 289
classes, 22, 148
classification, 3, 27, 33, 35, 41, 61, 110, 166, 186,
227, 240, 245, 308
cleaning, vii, 8, 31, 35, 38, 40, 44, 51, 109, 139, 183,
200, 280
cleavage, xiii, 125, 284, 321, 324, 349
clinical application, 27, 61
clinical diagnosis, 72, 95, 139
clinical examination, 154, 174, 200, 251
clinical presentation, 288
clinical symptoms, 64, 224
clinical trial, 289, 295, 296
clinical trials, 23, 71, 206, 289, 296
clone, 283, 311
cloning, 117
closure, 335, 339, 349
clusters, 190, 349
coagulation, 306
cocoa, 120
coding, 307, 343
coffee, 232
cognition, 295
cognitive deficit, 230
cohort, 290, 303, 311
colitis, 232
collaboration, 111, 130
collagen, 33, 39, 94, 100, 102, 106, 114, 116, 123,
124, 125, 129, 133, 135, 158, 161, 164, 171, 185,
212, 228, 285, 290, 297, 336, 344
collateral, 11
college students, 311
colon, 286, 350
colon cancer, 286
colonization, 51, 52, 55, 58, 64, 146, 164, 190, 222,
258, 309, 329, 337
colonizers, 330
color, 6, 8, 16, 17, 39, 156, 307
combined effect, 129
communication, 244
communities, 52, 63, 64, 246, 248
community, xi, xiii, 86, 177, 215, 217, 222, 223, 235,
243, 245, 255, 319, 321, 322, 329
competition, 52
competitive advantage, 148
complementarity, 240
complementary DNA, 326
complex interactions, x, xii, 121, 257, 258
complexity, ix, 94, 103, 255, 306, 329
compliance, 69, 108, 139, 192
complications, xi, 24, 60, 74, 76, 83, 85, 87, 90, 92,
133, 184, 199, 226, 227, 228, 234, 247, 249, 251,
252, 296
components, 290, 294, 309, 339
composition, xiii, 52, 187, 219, 251, 287, 288, 293,
328
compounds, 112, 242, 281
computed tomography, 204
computer, 5, 201, 256, 304, 306, 325
concentration, 293, 295, 331, 334, 335
conditioning, 14, 15, 25
condyloma, 336, 342
configuration, 83
confounders, 291, 293
confounding variables, 291
congress, 256
connective tissue, vii, viii, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 93,
94, 96, 97, 100, 108, 111, 114, 124, 125, 129, 133,
155, 158, 162, 164, 170, 185, 194, 195, 197, 198,
218, 220, 221, 223, 228, 258, 274, 275, 278, 279,
301, 315, 322, 324, 326, 334
consensus, 150, 222, 234, 245
consent, 139, 207
conservation, 277
constituents, ix, 93, 96, 97
constitution, 254
construction, 69, 76
consumption, 123, 131, 191, 224, 229, 232, 256, 295
contamination, ix, 96, 108
contour, 5, 7, 8, 109, 110, 156, 161
contraceptives, 187, 188, 189, 232
control, 289, 293, 295, 296, 297, 300, 301, 310, 311,
312, 327, 331, 332, 333, 335, 336, 337
control group, xi, 57, 71, 72, 73, 74, 206, 208, 252,
301
Index
358
controlled trials, 255
controversial, 68, 71, 74, 127, 173, 290, 301
controversies, 236
convention, 162
conversion, 303
COOH, 323
coping, 318
coping strategies, 295
coronary heart disease, 116, 149, 246, 306
correlation, ix, x, xii, 6, 23, 51, 54, 68, 72, 73, 74,
100, 108, 112, 113, 131, 137, 139, 143, 144, 145,
147, 148, 171, 178, 217, 222, 274, 295, 298, 301
correlation analysis, 144
correlations, 183, 298
cortex, 112, 295
cortisol, 112, 117, 295, 316
cosmetic, 23, 27
cosmetics, 197
cotinine, 126
cotton, 140, 207
Council of Europe, 251, 255
counseling, 169
covering, 6, 20, 21, 27, 94, 327
COX-1, 333, 334
COX-2, 333, 334, 336
coxsackievirus, 226
creatinine, 231
critical period, 331
Croatia, 237
cross links, 102
cross-sectional, 289, 295, 298, 315, 316
cross-sectional study, 102, 106
crown, 2, 32, 40, 42, 76, 169, 174, 195, 198, 201,
211
crowns, 74, 76, 81
CRP, 185, 186, 231, 284
CT scan, 201
CTA, 47, 55
C-terminal, 344, 351
Cuba, 242
culture, 61, 252, 259, 260, 261, 264, 265, 266, 326,
334, 335, 341
culture medium, 266, 326
cure, xi, 215
cuspids, 12
CVD, 234
cyanide, 293
cyclooxygenase, 333, 334, 341
cyclooxygenase-2, 334, 341
cyclosporine, 40, 189
cystatins, 331
cysteine, xiii, 99, 317, 321, 323, 326, 331, 340, 345,
348
cystic fibrosis, 226, 343
cytokine, 294, 295, 311, 318, 333, 337, 341
cytokines, 98, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 125, 148,
150, 151, 165, 178, 180, 185, 186, 220, 221, 223,
224, 227, 230, 234, 258, 274, 275, 277, 280, 281,
282, 283, 285, 290, 294, 297, 322, 324, 327, 333,
336, 337, 348
cytomegalovirus, 226
cytometry, 149
cytoplasm, 276, 278, 279, 331
cytoskeleton, 129, 135, 261, 263, 264
cytosolic, 336
cytosolic phospholipase A2, 336
cytotoxicity, 115, 134, 301
D
danger, 279
data analysis, 293
death rate, 277
deaths, xi, 247, 249
debridement, 41, 109, 111, 124, 132, 169, 170, 206,
293
decision making, 303, 304, 307
decisions, 306
decontamination, 238
defects, vii, x, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18,
20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 43, 86, 121, 124, 132,
133, 161, 171, 173, 174, 181, 192, 195, 197, 218,
342
defence, 221, 222, 223, 350
defense, 344, 345, 346, 347, 351
defense mechanisms, 132, 258, 274
defenses, 294
deficiencies, 322, 329
deficiency, xiii, 14, 37, 188, 201, 226, 232, 297, 298,
310, 322, 337, 338
deficit, 221, 230
definition, 292
deformability, 134
degradation, 99, 100, 101, 103, 106, 114, 115, 125,
129, 300, 330, 338
degrading, 331
dehiscence, 3, 8, 9
dehydrogenase, 332
dementia, 230, 231, 243, 244, 245
dendritic cell, 332, 333, 342, 348, 351
Index
359
Denmark, 28, 247, 251
density, 290, 297, 298, 316, 318, 319
dental care, 111, 183, 244, 299
dental caries, x, xi, 53, 121, 131, 132, 217, 247, 251,
325, 350
dental ceramics, 92
dental clinics, 223
dental implants, x, 90, 92, 121, 133, 173, 197, 199,
200, 201
dental plaque, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51,
66, 110, 111, 114, 118, 147, 148, 212, 213, 216,
219, 268, 274, 288, 307, 322, 329, 330, 338
dental restorations, 306, 308
dentin, 125, 336, 349
dentist, 68, 109, 110, 111, 139, 217, 234
dentures, viii, 68, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 223
deposition, 218, 248
deposits, 109, 111, 167, 174, 220
depression, 156, 192, 295, 316
depth, x, 3, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23,
35, 42, 44, 51, 59, 72, 88, 95, 100, 109, 124, 138,
139, 140, 142, 150, 153, 170, 171, 172, 173, 190,
200, 205, 206, 207, 209, 211, 275, 283, 290, 292,
299, 303, 304, 306, 308, 309, 316, 325
derivatives, 195, 232
dermatitis, 337, 348
desorption, 325, 326
destruction, vii, viii, 22, 37, 69, 71, 73, 74, 87, 93, 96,
97, 101, 102, 105, 111, 114, 115, 122, 123, 129,
131, 165, 166, 167, 168, 178, 180, 184, 190, 192,
219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 229, 238, 245,
270, 274, 275, 278, 281, 283, 286, 291, 294, 295,
296, 297, 300, 301, 311, 329, 331
destructive process, 281
detachment, 94, 219
detectable, 4, 325
detection, ix, 33, 38, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56,
57, 60, 63, 64, 66, 94, 99, 102, 104, 106, 138, 172,
268, 302, 349
developing countries, 36, 250, 255
developmental disorder, 58
deviation, 297
diabetes, xi, xii, xiii, 44, 112, 113, 116, 139, 180, 184,
185, 186, 215, 216, 217, 219, 221, 226, 227, 228,
229, 231, 233, 234, 236, 240, 241, 243, 247, 248,
249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 255, 256, 273, 275, 277,
287, 290, 296, 297, 304, 305, 306, 307, 309, 310,
312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318
diabetes mellitus, xiii, 287, 296, 305, 306, 309, 310,
312, 313, 314, 317
diabetic patients, 184, 226, 227, 228, 241, 296, 297,
310, 314
diagnosis, vii, x, 31, 38, 60, 72, 85, 88, 95, 97, 102,
103, 105, 110, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 139,
149, 150, 204, 226, 227, 234, 245, 254, 304, 306,
312, 338
diagnostic criteria, 274
diagnostic markers, 105
diagnostic parameters, x, 137
diamond, 326, 340, 342, 346
diet, 120, 186, 247, 249, 250, 251, 254
dietary habits, 250
differentiation, 300, 324, 326, 327, 332, 336, 340,
342, 343
diffusion, 279
digestion, 324
dimer, 344
dimeric, 323
dioxin, 134
diploid, 325
direct measure, 5
directionality, 220
disability, 59, 68, 223, 224, 244
disadvantages, 17, 210
discomfort, 17, 168
discovery, 345, 349
disease activity, 96, 97, 105, 110, 138, 149, 174
disease progression, 68, 94, 95, 96, 101, 106, 138,
164, 166, 167, 168, 170, 174, 178, 180, 240, 278,
289, 293, 296, 297, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 307,
308, 315
disinfection, 212, 223
disorder, 32, 44, 111, 189, 227, 229, 230, 243, 274,
296
displacement, 2, 9
disseminated intravascular coagulation, 277
dissociation, 333, 341
distilled water, 143, 260
distortions, 201
distress, 192, 239
distribution, viii, xi, 32, 48, 51, 54, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63,
64, 65, 73, 75, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 181, 240,
247, 250, 254, 282, 293, 301, 318
disturbances, 248
disulfide, xiii, 321, 323, 326, 333, 346
disulfide bonds, xiii, 321, 323
diversity, 63, 236, 323
DNA, viii, xii, 32, 33, 46, 47, 54, 113, 116, 129, 224,
242, 268, 273, 274, 276, 277, 282, 284, 326
DNA damage, 116, 129
Index
360
DNAs, 239
dogs, 71, 88
dosage, 214
down syndrome, 64, 66, 232
drainage, 168
drawing, 7, 11, 19, 20
drinking water, 149
drug delivery, 118
drugs, 112, 225, 232, 240, 274
drying, 207
duplication, 325
duration, 288
dyes, 143
dyslipidemia, 226
dysplasia, 325
dysregulation, 295
E
E-cadherin, 348
ECM, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102
ECM degradation, 99, 101
economic status, 232, 254, 292
economy, 23
eczema, 344
edema, 166, 187
edentulous patients, 90
editors, 150, 245
education, 183, 211, 248, 252, 292
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 44, 232
elastin, 114
elderly population, 180, 222
electron, 62, 177
electrophoresis, 48
ELISA, 100, 334, 335, 349
e-mail, 107, 137, 215
emotional, xiii, 287, 294, 307
empathy, 252
enamel, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 24, 25, 27, 104, 156,
158, 172, 179, 194, 195, 196, 231
encoding, 300, 326, 328, 344, 346
endocarditis, xi, 63, 118, 215, 216, 217, 218, 236
endocrine, 112, 139, 186, 231
endocrinology, 112, 118, 243
endocytosis, 301, 336
endometrium, 326
endothelial cells, xii, 127, 135, 257, 258, 259, 266,
269, 273, 274, 282, 285, 336, 341
endothelial dysfunction, 138, 149, 229, 234
endothelium, 220, 234
endotoxins, 221
end-stage renal disease, 231
endurance, 71
energy, 85, 248
engineering, 77, 92, 158
England, 246
enlargement, 2, 61, 162, 164, 189
enterovirus, 226
environment, vii, viii, xiii, 53, 93, 94, 96, 118, 164,
177, 183, 185, 186, 235, 251, 258, 275, 294, 297,
299, 321, 322, 324, 327, 342
environmental factors, 13, 166, 292, 299, 305
environmental tobacco, 293
Environmental tobacco smoke, 308
enzymatic, xiii, 321, 324, 338
enzyme, 99, 112, 119, 225, 270, 332, 338, 343
enzymes, 99, 100, 105, 125, 218, 222, 223, 224, 275,
301, 324, 330, 331
eosinophils, 331, 350
epidemic, 249
epidemiologic studies, 179, 288
epidemiology, x, 121, 150, 238, 239, 242, 308, 315
epidermal growth factor, 332, 350
epidermal growth factor receptor, 332, 350
epidermis, 326, 348
epididymis, 324, 346
epilepsy, 274
epinephrine, 131, 295
epithelia, 97, 138, 326, 328, 340, 343, 344, 346
epithelial cell, xiii, 302, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327,
328, 331, 332, 333, 335, 336, 339, 341, 342, 343,
344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351
epithelial cells, x, xii, xiii, 56, 66, 106, 124, 133, 137,
140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 150, 151, 154, 156,
164, 257, 258, 259, 263, 264, 266, 267, 269, 270,
273, 278, 279, 302, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327,
328, 331, 332, 333, 336, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345,
346, 347, 348, 350, 351
epithelium, xi, 5, 6, 20, 94, 99, 140, 142, 145, 148,
150, 154, 155, 156, 162, 164, 170, 171, 177, 215,
216, 220, 223, 271, 288, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327,
328, 335, 337, 340, 344, 346, 347, 350
equilibrium, 85
equipment, 96
erosion, 36
erythrocytes, x, 137, 140, 142, 143
Escherichia coli, 323, 330
esophagus, 328
ester, 327, 340
estimating, 292
Index
361
estradiol, 298
estrogen, 187, 188, 232, 240, 277, 297, 298, 310,
311, 313, 316
estrogen receptors, 298, 311
ethanol, 140, 143, 261
ethnic groups, 53, 226, 291
ethnicity, 2, 181, 183, 219, 231, 291, 292
etiology, viii, 3, 27, 32, 60, 88, 130, 167, 168, 174,
177, 178, 183, 224, 225, 230, 235, 268, 315
eukaryotic, xii, 273, 274, 276, 284
eukaryotic cell, xii, 273, 274, 276
Europe, 255
everyday life, 294
evidence, x, xiii, 4, 110, 112, 113, 121, 122, 130, 139,
147, 148, 173, 184, 188, 190, 200, 217, 219, 223,
225, 229, 232, 234, 235, 241, 243, 244, 250, 252,
255, 266, 287, 289, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 299,
300, 301, 302, 303, 306, 307, 310, 321
evolution, 115, 118, 148, 156, 180, 325, 349
examinations, 40, 41, 43, 45, 51, 62, 200, 251, 304
excess body weight, 249
excitation, 262
exclusion, 14, 139
excretion, 249
execution, 17
exercise, 186, 247, 251
exons, 326, 328
experiences, 85
experimental condition, 266
expertise, 96
exploration, 242
exposure, 2, 4, 9, 10, 13, 27, 28, 44, 99, 126, 129,
134, 145, 172, 179, 181, 190, 195, 201, 204, 218,
226, 237, 260, 271, 289, 290, 293, 301, 316, 322,
324, 329
external environment, 322
extracellular matrix, 40, 97, 104, 114, 125, 227, 300
extraction, xi, 2, 5, 46, 47, 169, 173, 193, 198, 199,
215, 217, 218
extracts, 118, 125, 129
extravasation, 98
extrusion, 23
exudate, ix, 42, 44, 93, 96, 169, 200, 283
F
fabrication, 76
factorial, 288, 304
false negative, 96
false positive, 95
families, xiii, 65, 321, 322, 330, 346
family, xiii, 292, 301, 321, 322, 323, 331, 343, 345,
347, 351
family history, 226
family members, 40, 65, 100
fasting, 227, 251
fasting glucose, 227
fat, 248, 251, 254, 256
fatty acids, 186, 324, 349
FDI, 247, 251, 252, 255
feedback, 333
female rat, 298
females, 291, 298
femoral bone, 316
femur, 298
fetal, 328
fever, 36, 169
fiber, 158, 200
fiber bundles, 158
fibers, 16, 33, 114, 158, 164, 171, 200, 228, 295
fibrin, 198, 225
fibrinogen, 185, 186, 225, 228, 229, 234
fibroblast, 344
fibroblast proliferation, 344
fibroblasts, 40, 58, 61, 66, 97, 100, 101, 114, 120,
124, 125, 129, 133, 134, 135, 148, 158, 164, 191,
278, 285, 294, 318, 326, 332, 333, 334, 336, 341,
347
fibronectin, 348
fibrosis, 12, 115, 226, 232, 343
filtration, 231, 261
financial, 192, 220
fingerprints, 101
finite element method, 92
Finland, 256
first molar, 38, 48, 64, 72, 168, 298
fixation, 198
flight, 326
flora, 33, 46, 51, 118, 148, 151, 220, 223, 228, 229,
271, 288
fluctuations, 182
fluid, ix, xiii, 73, 89, 93, 94, 96, 103, 104, 105, 106,
113, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 131, 134, 224, 227,
228, 239, 255, 261, 278, 297, 300, 321, 322, 346,
348, 351
fluorescence, x, 137, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145,
146, 147, 148, 150
food, 36, 178, 248, 249
food habits, 248
foramen, 198
Index
362
force, 71, 72, 73, 90, 91, 170, 171
Ford, 213, 236, 271
forecasting, 68
formal education, 252
formaldehyde, 140
formation, 3, 5, 44, 56, 100, 101, 102, 108, 110, 111,
118, 131, 162, 164, 185, 190, 191, 210, 219, 220,
224, 227, 229, 234, 242, 258, 270, 271, 275, 288,
323, 329, 335, 336
formula, 76
fracture, 297
fracture resistance, 91
fractures, 185, 189
fragility, 231, 297
fragmentation, 330
free radicals, 115, 118
frenulum, 2
frequencies, 119
friction, 71
fruits, 120, 256
fungal infection, 163, 189
fungi, 125, 222, 323, 330
fusion, 119
G
gastric, 324, 344
gastrointestinal, 324
gastrointestinal tract, 222, 324
gel, x, 15, 24, 197, 205, 206, 207, 210, 211, 212, 213
gender, xiii, 287, 291, 298
gene, 299, 300, 301, 302, 309, 310, 311, 312, 314,
315, 317, 318, 323, 325, 326, 328, 336, 339, 342,
343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 350, 351
gene expression, 123, 245, 315, 336, 339, 342, 348,
349
gene promoter, 312
gene therapy, 115
gene transfer, 115
general practitioner, 82
genes, 54, 56, 58, 112, 113, 118, 186, 290, 299, 301,
308, 309, 325, 332, 336, 340, 346, 348, 349
genetic control, 300, 301
genetic disease, 57
genetic disorders, 34
genetic factors, xiii, 221, 287, 289, 299, 307
genetic marker, 301
genetic predisposition, 108, 291, 294, 314, 316
genetic syndromes, 226
genetics, 238, 299
genitourinary tract, 219, 221
genome, 299, 325
genomics, 345
genotype, 55, 56, 66, 86, 119, 131, 230, 300, 311,
312, 314
genotypes, 300, 309, 316
geometry, 84
Germany, 140, 261
gestation, 220
gestational diabetes, 226
gingivae, 33, 229, 303
gingival, 308, 351
gingival epithelium, 99, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328
gingival overgrowth, viii, 31, 32, 40, 61, 161, 189,
195, 231
gingivitis, vii, x, xi, xiii, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 57, 58,
63, 64, 87, 94, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 123,
130, 131, 132, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 169, 174,
180, 182, 183, 187, 190, 191, 199, 205, 206, 207,
210, 212, 213, 214, 216, 219, 274, 283, 287, 288,
292, 295, 299, 303, 309, 311, 313, 325, 329, 337,
338
gland, 113, 326
glial cells, 230
glossopharyngeal nerve, 244
glucocorticoid receptor, 277
glucocorticoids, 295
glucose, 113, 118, 186, 226, 227, 228, 241, 251, 295,
296, 297
glucose tolerance, 186, 226, 227
glucose tolerance test, 226
glutamate, 276
glutamine, 259
glutathione, 120, 281
glycation, 297
glycerol, 207
gonorrhea, 163, 164
G-protein, 331, 333, 336
grading, x, 137, 147, 148
graft technique, 26, 27, 197
Gram-negative, 302, 327
gram-negative bacteria, 330
gram-positive bacteria, 323
granules, xiii, 99, 232, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 327,
331, 336, 342
granulomas, 187
Greece, 67
groups, xiii, 288, 289, 291, 292, 301, 306, 311, 337
Index
363
growth, 52, 64, 72, 100, 112, 118, 123, 125, 132,
177, 184, 191, 210, 227, 259, 260, 284, 286, 294,
295, 324, 332, 349, 350
growth factor, 100, 125, 295, 324, 332, 349, 350
growth rate, 123
guidelines, 108, 109, 110, 139, 245, 252
H
H. pylori, 229
Haj, 347
harm, xiii, 321, 322
harmony, xiii, 321, 322
harvesting, 16
hazards, 179
healing, 5, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 36,
41, 58, 101, 111, 114, 125, 129, 132, 194, 198,
228, 280, 283, 290, 309, 313, 316, 324, 335, 341,
349
health care, 60, 149, 184, 252, 289, 299, 304, 314
health care costs, 149
health condition, 250
health education, 252
health problems, 250
health promotion, 247, 248, 251, 252, 254
health risks, 248, 251
health status, 65, 230, 296
health systems, 220
healthy sites, 96, 298
heart, 306
heart disease, xii, 113, 116, 118, 149, 246, 273, 306
heart failure, 112, 114
heat shock protein, ix, 108, 118, 120
heavy metals, 129
heavy smoking, 292
height, 5, 12, 17, 23, 71, 72, 76, 77, 156, 161, 173,
190, 191, 200, 201, 211, 232, 238, 240, 245, 248,
293, 299, 304, 314
helicobacter pylori, 242
helix, 323
heme, 115, 281
heme oxygenase, 115, 281
hemochromatosis, 226
hemoglobin, 227, 241
hemostasis, 16, 20
hepatitis, 226
heritability, 299
herpes, 163
herpes simplex, 163
heterogeneity, 61, 301
heterogeneous, 296
high risk, 304, 305, 306, 311
high school, 64
high-risk, xiii, 288, 289
high-risk populations, 252
hip, 298, 326
hispanic, 291, 315
hispanics, 226
histamine, 332, 333, 336, 340, 347
histology, 188
histone, 276, 277
histoplasmosis, 163
history, 86, 197, 216, 221, 226, 232, 293, 303, 304,
313, 314, 316
HIV, 139, 169, 189, 232, 274
HIV/AIDS, 169
HLA, 224, 238, 239, 300
Holland, 341
homeostasis, 148, 185, 232, 234, 290, 329, 337, 339
hormone, 187, 188, 232, 284, 295
hormone levels, 188
hormones, 112, 185, 186, 187, 232, 295
human body, 122, 216, 236
human brain, 244
human genome, 325
human immunodeficiency virus, 274
human leukocyte antigen, 300
human neutrophils, 134, 324, 343, 347, 349
human subjects, 103, 151
humans, xiii, 298, 299, 301, 321, 323
Hunter, 349
hybridization, 63, 150, 347
hydro, 323
hydrocarbons, 126, 129
hydrogen, 187, 190, 293, 294
hydrogen cyanide, 293
hydrogen peroxide, 190, 294
hydrophilic, 323
hydrophobic, 323
hydroxyapatite, 102, 158
hygiene, 22, 35, 38, 40, 45, 58, 61, 109, 110, 111,
118, 122, 123, 168, 169, 174, 178, 182, 183, 184,
191, 192, 199, 206, 208, 210, 211, 218, 219, 222,
223, 224, 229, 230, 233, 238, 251, 255, 258, 288,
291, 295, 296, 308
hyperglycemia, 185, 227, 228
hyperlipidemia, 112
hyperplasia, 61, 171, 187, 283
hypersensitivity, 4, 17
hypertension, 221, 226, 229, 234
Index
364
hypoglycemia, 277
hypoplasia, 231
hypothalamic, 295
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, 295
hypothalamus, 295
hypothesis, 53, 72, 125, 222, 225, 232, 236, 242,
266, 295, 299
I
iatrogenic, xiii, 112, 233, 287
ideal, 6, 95, 109, 110, 195, 198, 252
identical twins, 244
identification, viii, ix, xiii, 5, 32, 48, 55, 68, 94, 96,
113, 139, 149, 170, 180, 219, 288, 289, 302, 311
idiopathic, 218
IFN, 328
IgG, 301
iliac crest, 195
image, 77, 175, 201, 262, 264
image files, 201
images, 48, 144, 145, 146, 147, 175, 201, 203, 261
immersion, 140, 261
immobilization, 73
immune cells, 333
immune defense, 164
immune function, 99, 181, 186
immune regulation, 336
immune response, vii, xii, xiii, 31, 44, 57, 60, 114,
122, 125, 134, 166, 178, 187, 224, 240, 257, 268,
279, 281, 295, 299, 300, 302, 310, 322, 328, 331,
334, 338, 344, 346, 348, 349, 350, 351
immune system, ix, xiii, 107, 108, 112, 113, 134,
135, 178, 275, 294, 295, 310, 321, 337
immunity, xiii, 181, 239, 269, 283, 299, 322, 325,
331, 332, 333, 343, 345, 348, 350, 351
immunocompetence, 316
immunocompromised, 222
immunodeficiency, 44
immunogenetics, 224
immunoglobulin, 261, 277, 333
immunoglobulin G, 333
immunoglobulin superfamily, 277
immunoglobulins, 98, 103
immunohistochemical, 339
immunohistochemistry, 278, 285
immunolocalization, 116
immunomodulation, 335
immunomodulator, 334
immunoregulation, 317
immunostimulatory, 333, 341
immunotherapy, 240
impacts, xi, 247
implant placement, 26, 124, 197, 198
implant planning, 203
implants, x, 2, 5, 29, 90, 92, 121, 124, 133, 173, 195,
198, 199, 200, 203, 309
improvements, 14
in situ, 347
in situ hybridization, 150, 347
in utero, 237
in vitro, xiii, 56, 100, 106, 125, 126, 129, 133, 134,
150, 266, 271, 277, 281, 284, 286, 287, 294, 316,
319, 326, 329, 330, 335, 336, 338, 339, 341, 350
in vivo, 91, 100, 119, 281, 315, 326, 329, 338, 341
inactive, 302
incidence, ix, 35, 37, 84, 108, 113, 122, 149, 179,
181, 188, 189, 223, 224, 226, 227, 234, 244, 246,
292, 293, 295
incisor, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 62, 79, 84, 156
incisors, 38, 41, 43, 44, 45, 168
inclusion, 306
income, 231, 292
independence, 271
Indians, 226, 296
indication, 291
indicators, 289, 292, 303, 305, 307, 308, 310, 311
indices, 309
individuals, 58, 59, 63, 97, 99, 103, 106, 123, 156,
163, 168, 181, 183, 191, 211, 217, 219, 223, 224,
226, 229, 231, 248, 250, 251, 275, 288, 289, 290,
291, 292, 293, 296, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304,
306, 311, 314, 325, 326
individuation, ix, x, 107, 108, 114
inducer, 328
induction, 119, 126, 258, 270, 275, 285, 302, 327,
332, 336, 343, 345, 348
industrialization, 249
industrialized countries, 108, 113
infants, 32, 36, 42, 221
infarction, 113, 117, 119, 138, 218, 277, 279, 285
infection, vii, viii, xi, xii, xiii, 8, 41, 63, 93, 98, 99, 106,
112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 131, 148, 150, 168, 169,
170, 200, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223,
225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236,
237, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 257, 258, 259, 260,
262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271,
274, 275, 279, 293, 302, 319, 322, 328
infections, 316, 337, 338, 348
infectious, 306, 327, 338, 339
Index
365
infectious disease, 306, 338
inflamed sites, 96, 173
inflammatory, xii, xiii, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 294,
297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 316, 321, 322, 324, 325,
327, 331, 336, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343, 345, 347,
349, 351
inflammatory bowel disease, 218
inflammatory cells, ix, 93, 96, 108, 162, 165, 224,
227, 275
inflammatory disease, xii, 113, 114, 116, 138, 166,
190, 223, 246, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 280, 281,
282, 287, 288, 336, 339, 345
inflammatory mediators, vii, ix, x, xi, 96, 97, 98, 107,
108, 113, 115, 138, 165, 186, 215, 216, 220, 221,
227, 229, 232, 234, 283, 286, 299, 301
inflammatory response, 292, 300, 302, 347
inflammatory responses, 275, 277, 281, 282
information sharing, 252
informed consent, 139
inhalation, 293, 309
inheritance, 182
inherited, 289
inhibition, xii, 129, 134, 135, 191, 260, 265, 267,
268, 273, 275, 281, 286, 334
inhibitor, 125, 260, 265, 268, 285, 323, 327, 334,
335, 345, 348
inhibitors, 290, 329, 331
inhibitory, 317, 318, 329, 351
initiation, viii, xii, 41, 44, 47, 67, 71, 85, 97, 117, 148,
223, 280, 281, 287, 288, 289, 293, 300, 302
injections, 207
injure, 171
injuries, 41
injury, viii, 3, 16, 32, 44, 88, 89, 108, 113, 115, 218,
279
innate immunity, xiii, 299, 322, 325, 331, 343, 345,
348, 350
Innovation, 321, 339
inoculum, 260
insects, xiii, 321
insertion, 8, 42, 44, 173, 207
insight, 339
insulin, 185, 186, 226, 227, 228, 229, 241, 243, 249,
255, 296, 310, 312, 317, 324
insulin dependent diabetes, 317
insulin resistance, 185, 186, 226, 228, 229, 241, 243,
296
insulin sensitivity, 186, 228
insulin-like growth factor, 324
integration, 14, 323
integrity, viii, 67, 77, 85, 143, 154, 174, 348
interaction, 299, 301, 302, 343
interactions, 329
intercellular adhesion molecule, 332
interdependence, 71
interface, 13, 116
interferon, 98, 117, 220
interferon-
γ, 98
interleukin, 294, 297, 298, 300, 305, 309, 310, 311,
312, 313, 315, 332, 341, 343, 351
interleukin-1, 294, 297, 298, 300, 305, 309, 310,
311, 312, 315, 351
interleukin-6, 294, 297, 298, 309, 310, 313, 343
interleukin-8, 98, 148, 294, 332, 341, 351
internalization, 261, 264, 267
intervention, 21, 38, 94, 102, 180, 186, 235, 248,
251, 255, 256
intestine, 323, 326, 345
intima, 246
intracellular signaling, 327, 339
intron, 326
inversion, 236
investment, xi, 247
ionization, 325, 326
ions, 187, 327
Iran, 205
Ireland, 93
irradiation, 88
irrigation, 41, 44, 45, 168, 169, 206, 210, 213, 214
ischemia, 234
isolation, viii, 32, 33, 46, 47, 53, 207, 277
issues, xii, 28, 37, 39, 68, 71, 72, 73, 76, 82, 83, 87,
88, 98, 100, 109, 123, 129, 138, 151, 220, 223,
229, 231, 257, 258, 269, 288, 290, 300, 317, 322,
325, 335, 338, 342
Italy, 107, 137, 139, 143, 215
J
Japan, 31, 36, 140, 244, 257, 259, 261, 281
Japanese, 301, 311, 312
Japanese women, 188, 243
JNK, 327
joint destruction, 238
joints, 91, 103
Jordan, 181
Jun, 327
Jung, 336, 345
Index
366
K
kappa, 313, 327, 351
kappa B, 313, 327, 351
keratin, 154, 156, 225
keratinocyte, 33, 133, 335, 336, 340, 348, 350
keratinocytes, 124, 133, 154, 324, 326, 328, 332,
336, 337, 341, 342, 343, 345, 346, 349
keratosis, 350
ketoacidosis, 226
kidney, 217, 219, 231, 245, 326, 349
kill, 125, 280
killer cells, 301, 324
killing, 340, 344
kinase, 327, 332, 336, 340, 341
kinases, 324
kinetics, 332
L
labeling, 261, 263
lactation, 139
lactoferrin, 120, 124
lactose, 267, 271
lamellar, 327, 348
Langerhans cells, 325, 347
laser, 325, 326
latency, 310
Latin America, 291
lead, viii, xi, xii, 2, 24, 32, 40, 44, 103, 111, 112, 113,
115, 125, 129, 168, 178, 219, 224, 229, 247, 248,
250, 251, 273, 281, 288, 290, 303, 349
leisure, 248
lending, 8, 16
leptin, 186
lesions, xii, 34, 35, 36, 37, 41, 45, 62, 63, 68, 111,
117, 138, 139, 162, 163, 164, 168, 169, 170, 174,
177, 178, 194, 217, 224, 258, 273, 274, 275, 277,
279, 282, 303, 304, 308, 316, 325, 337, 341, 347
leucine, 270
leukemia, 189, 233, 337, 340
leukocyte, 300, 313, 317
leukocytes, 301, 309, 311, 345, 350
leukoplakia, 328, 336, 339, 347
lichen, 163, 328, 336, 339, 347
lichen planus, 163, 328, 336, 339, 347
life course, xi, 247
life expectancy, 161, 181
lifestyle, 289, 294
lifestyle changes, 250
lifestyles, 299
lifetime, 180, 182, 183, 290
ligament, 13, 37, 71, 84, 94, 97, 100, 101, 104, 111,
114, 125, 133, 134, 154, 158, 164, 191, 219, 290,
308, 317
ligand, xii, 273, 274, 280, 298, 313
ligature-induced periodontitis, 293, 296, 298, 314
light, 11, 62, 140, 164, 292, 329
likelihood, xiii, 287, 289, 307
limitation, 329
limitations, 301, 336
lipid peroxidation, 113, 117
lipids, 112, 297, 327
lipopolysaccharide, 294, 318, 327, 340, 341, 351
liver, 233, 234
liver disease, 233
local anesthesia, 15, 40, 140
local conditions, 111
localization, 114, 118, 151, 235, 279, 327, 346
loci, 230, 302
locus, 224
logistics, 255
longevity, viii, 67, 83, 243, 290
longitudinal studies, 289, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303
longitudinal study, 28, 63, 87, 90, 105, 164, 184,
188, 288, 296, 298, 303, 308, 310, 317, 319
low birthweight, 237
low risk, 305, 306
low-density, 347
low-density lipoprotein, 347
low-density lipoprotein receptor, 347
LPS, 327, 331
lumen, 185, 324
lung, 333, 336, 339, 340, 343, 344, 346
lung abscess, 218
lupus, 163
lymph, 158, 169
lymphadenopathy, 169
lymphocyte, 340
lymphocytes, 96, 111, 138, 162, 164, 178, 267, 275,
301, 325, 331, 333, 343
lymphoid, 164, 166
lymphoma, 350
lysine, 101, 225, 277
lysis, 72, 260
lysosome, 99
Index
367
M
macrophage, 297, 331, 343
macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP), 331
macrophages, xii, 96, 97, 99, 111, 162, 164, 227,
273, 274, 275, 277, 282, 284, 285, 301, 333, 343
magnesium, 232
magnitude, 84, 92, 111
mainstream smoke, 122
maintenance, 289, 313
major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 300, 319
majority, 13, 14, 55, 72, 96, 97, 154, 156, 158, 223,
225, 250, 301, 302
malaise, 169
males, 291, 303
mammalian cells, 284
mammals, xiii, 114, 321, 323
man, 86, 115, 181, 212, 283, 313, 314, 315
management, vii, 1, 2, 6, 13, 28, 63, 85, 91, 97, 116,
130, 173, 199, 206, 209, 230, 231, 235, 241, 247,
250, 251, 252, 255, 256, 289, 296, 304
mandible, 77, 92, 192, 232
mandibular, 309, 312
manipulation, 13, 23
manners, 332, 333, 334
mapping, 346
markers, 53, 86, 96, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105,
106, 113, 116, 118, 120, 150, 234, 241, 242, 289,
299, 301
marrow, 158, 195, 340
Mars, 325, 346
Marx, 196, 197
mass, 177, 219, 224, 231, 240, 248, 254, 255, 267,
297, 325, 326, 327, 345
mass spectrometry, 325, 326
mast cell, 301, 324, 332, 333, 336, 340, 342, 343,
347
mast cells, 96, 162, 301, 324, 332, 333, 340, 343,
347
materials, viii, 14, 32, 42, 79, 83, 194
matrix, 6, 9, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 40, 95, 97, 99,
100, 101, 103, 104, 114, 116, 117, 119, 123, 125,
132, 134, 177, 180, 185, 194, 195, 197, 221, 227,
269, 275, 300, 312, 316, 325, 332
matrix metalloproteinase, 99, 103, 114, 116, 117,
119, 123, 134, 180, 221, 275, 312, 332
matter, 16, 129
maxilla, 23, 198
maxillary incisors, 62
maxillary sinus, 198
MCP, 331, 332
MCP-1, 331, 332
measurement, 5, 80, 81, 82, 97, 99, 102, 146, 170,
172, 174, 240
measurements, 5, 14, 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, 102, 139,
171, 172, 207, 251, 254, 292, 298, 299
measures, 288
mechanical engineering, 92
mechanical stress, 115
media, 125, 127, 129, 246
median, 16, 325
mediation, 280
mediators, 297, 299, 301, 341
medical, xi, 40, 118, 168, 215, 216, 217, 224, 230,
235, 237, 274, 306, 310
medical care, 224
medical history, 306
medical science, 237
medication, viii, 31, 32, 39, 41, 49, 139, 161, 169,
189, 207, 224
medicine, xi, xii, 95, 201, 215, 216, 217, 225, 235,
236, 238, 243, 246, 274, 275
medulla, 295
melatonin, 112
mellitus, xiii, 185, 226, 227, 233, 240, 241, 254, 287,
296, 305, 314, 317
membranes, 13, 14, 18, 20, 27, 115, 143, 194, 199,
221, 323, 331, 343
memory, 333
men, 289, 291, 304, 310, 315
menadione, 259, 260, 261
meningitis, 218
menopause, 187, 188, 231, 232, 233
menstruation, 233
mental impairment, 244
mental retardation, 58
meta-analysis, 14, 22, 24, 84, 149, 150, 211, 237,
238, 241, 246, 255, 286, 297, 300, 314, 317
metabolic, 229, 233, 243, 256
metabolic disorder, 227, 296
metabolic disturbances, 248
metabolic syndrome, xi, 186, 215, 217, 219, 236,
243
metabolism, 103, 184, 240, 243, 271, 298
metabolites, ix, 101, 107, 108
metabolized, 124
metalloproteinase, 99, 103, 114, 116, 117, 119, 134,
300, 312, 332
metals, 129
metastasis, 114
Index
368
meter, 72, 73
metformin, 186
methanol, 259, 265, 266
methicillin-resistant, 323
methodology, 77, 130, 181, 248
methylcellulose, 207
Mexican, 291
mice, 268, 271, 277, 282, 284, 313, 335, 350
microbial, xiii, 287, 288, 289, 294, 299, 302, 311,
315, 316, 321, 322, 323, 327, 329, 331, 337, 338,
344, 346
microbial communities, 63, 64
microbiota, 65, 118, 148, 184, 191, 297, 317
microcirculation, ix, 93, 94
microflora, 293, 318
micrograms, 324
microorganisms, xii, xiii, 112, 113, 210, 216, 218,
219, 223, 228, 235, 257, 258, 266, 267, 288, 294,
302, 321, 322, 324, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 337,
338, 345
microscope, 140, 143, 177, 261
microscopy, 148, 151, 261, 263, 264
migration, 5, 94, 98, 135, 138, 162, 164, 174, 178,
219, 279, 288, 332, 335, 336, 348, 350
military, 295, 311
mimicry, xi, 215, 220
mineralization, 101, 102, 292
minimum inhibitory concentrations, 329
Ministry of Education, 339
Minneapolis, 47
minority, 310
Mississippi, 339
mitochondrial DNA, 116
mitogen, 135, 269, 285, 324, 345
mitogen-activated protein kinase, 345
mitogenic, 347
mitosis, 336
MMP, 99, 100, 102, 114, 116, 119, 125, 127, 129,
301, 315, 316, 317
MMP-2, 100, 119, 125, 129, 301
MMP-3, 100, 114, 301
MMP-9, 99, 100, 102, 116, 127
MMPs, ix, 100, 107, 114, 123, 125, 126, 129, 275,
281, 301
mobility, 303, 306
modalities, 339
modality, 304
modeling, 92
models, xii, xiii, 68, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 84, 180, 217,
252, 257, 266, 270, 277, 286, 288, 289, 304, 307
modification, 10, 12, 15, 112, 225, 256, 306
modifications, 8, 20, 75, 83, 102, 148, 273, 302, 321
modulation, 294
moisture, 207
molecular biology, 239, 328
molecular mass, 326, 327, 345
molecular mimicry, xi, 215, 220
molecular structure, 323
molecular weight, 101, 114
molecules, xiii, 100, 108, 112, 114, 158, 220, 230,
258, 269, 279, 280, 281, 300, 322, 323, 327, 331,
336, 339
monitoring, ix, 28, 50, 61, 93, 94, 99, 109, 110, 139,
143, 312
monocyte, 294, 297, 331, 333, 340, 348
monocyte chemoattractant protein, 269, 331
monocytes, 301, 324, 331, 341, 342
monolayer, 261
mononuclear cell, 316, 332
morbidity, 8, 23, 220, 222, 223, 231, 296
Morocco, 311
morphogenesis, 114
morphology, 4, 8, 26, 33, 36, 156, 161, 174, 192,
259, 261
mortality, 116, 220, 222, 244, 296
Moses, 27
motivation, 22, 210, 222
motor skills, 230
mouth, 290, 306
mRNA, 326, 327, 328, 332, 333, 334, 336, 337, 345,
347
mRNAs, 325, 343
mucin, 336, 339
mucosa, vii, 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, 24, 27, 29,
122, 124, 144, 154, 173, 200, 222, 224, 322, 325,
326, 327, 346, 350
mucosal barrier, 302
mucous membrane, 169, 294
multicellular organisms, 351
multiple alleles, 302
multiple factors, 111
mumps, 226
muscular dystrophy, 233, 277
mutagenesis, 229
mutant, 56, 267
mutations, 338, 350
myasthenia gravis, 226
myeloid, 337, 340, 351
myeloid cells, 351
myeloperoxidase, 325
Index
369
myocardial infarction, 113, 117, 119, 138, 218
myocardial ischemia, 234
myocarditis, 218
myofibroblasts, 125
N
National Institutes of Health, 245
natural, 301, 314, 324, 327, 337, 343
natural compound, 281, 282
natural killer, 301, 324
natural killer cell, 301, 324
neck, 306
necrosis, 75, 97, 98, 111, 119, 120, 169, 189, 220,
221, 285, 298, 300, 309, 311, 347
negative consequences, xii, 247
negative effects, 235
neglect, 109, 230, 275
neonatal, 343
neoplasia, 316
nephritis, 216
nephropathy, 184, 228
nerve, 97, 198, 230, 244, 295
nerve fibers, 295
nervous system, 230, 295
neuralgia, 218
neurodegeneration, 290
neurodegenerative diseases, xi, 215, 217, 219
neurodegenerative disorders, 243
neuroendocrine, 294, 295
neuroinflammation, 245
neurokinin, 105
neuronal cells, 285
neuropathy, 184, 199, 227, 228
neuropeptides, 98
neutral, 99
neutropenia, xiii, 44, 178, 232, 322, 338
neutrophil, xiii, 294, 297, 314, 321, 322, 323, 324,
325, 326, 330, 332, 333, 336, 338, 339, 341, 342,
346, 347, 348, 351
neutrophils, 125, 126, 127, 134, 162, 191, 227, 277,
294, 297, 323, 324, 325, 328, 331, 333, 338, 341,
342, 343, 345, 347, 349, 350
New England, 246
nicotine, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 293, 294, 309, 314, 318
Nielsen, 314
nitrate, 229, 242
nitric oxide, 277, 331, 341
nitrogen, 125
nitrosamines, 129, 229, 242
nitroso compounds, 242
nodes, 85
non-enzymatic, 297
non-institutionalized, 181
nonsmokers, 16, 22, 122, 123, 124, 292, 293, 294
non-surgical therapy, 124, 191, 192
norepinephrine, 295
normal, xiii, 297, 298, 309, 311, 312, 321, 324, 325,
326, 328, 331, 337, 340, 347
North America, 188, 235, 238, 244, 308
Northern Ireland, 93
Norway, 1, 86
NSAIDs, 225
N-terminal, 327
nuclear, 298, 327
nuclei, 278, 340
nucleic acid, 143, 277
nucleus, 276, 277, 278, 279
null, 268
numerical tool, 77
nursing, 243
nursing home, 243
nutrient, 248, 249, 271
nutrients, 36, 177
nutrition, 169, 242, 254
nutritional assessment, 186
nutritional status, 244
O
obesity, xi, 116, 186, 226, 228, 229, 231, 247, 248,
249, 250, 251, 254, 255
objective criteria, 109
obstruction, 222
occlusion, viii, 31, 32, 39, 71, 72, 74, 75, 87, 88, 89,
90, 179, 274, 283
odds ratio, 292
oedema, 140
oil, 143, 207, 261
older adults, 319
oligomerization, 119
open spaces, 178
optical density, 261
oral, xiii, 288, 290, 291, 294, 295, 296, 298, 302, 304,
308, 310, 311, 312, 314, 316, 318, 321, 322, 324,
325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 336, 338, 339, 342,
343, 345, 346, 347
Index
370
oral cavity, ix, xiii, 33, 36, 46, 52, 97, 108, 112, 122,
125, 126, 130, 154, 170, 216, 223, 229, 242, 244,
258, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 328, 329
oral diseases, xi, 222, 243, 247, 250, 251, 254, 338
oral health, xi, xii, xiii, 59, 111, 188, 210, 215, 216,
218, 230, 238, 240, 243, 244, 247, 248, 250, 251,
252, 254, 255, 281, 286, 304, 310, 314, 321
oral hygiene, 288, 291, 295, 296, 308
oral squamous cell carcinoma, 325
organ, 189, 226, 245
organism, 54, 266, 294, 302
organs, 113, 223, 324, 325
orthodontic treatment, xi, 3, 29, 139, 206, 207, 211,
212, 213, 214
osteoblasts, 298, 315
osteoclastogenesis, 225, 317, 318
osteoclasts, 298, 300, 315
osteogenesis, 233
osteomyelitis, 218
osteonectin, 102
osteopenia, 297, 298, 312, 316, 318
osteoporosis, xi, xiii, 131, 189, 190, 215, 217, 219,
225, 232, 236, 245, 275, 287, 290, 297, 298, 311,
312, 316
outpatients, 251
ovariectomized, 298
ovariectomized rat, 298
ovariectomy, 317
overlap, 158
overweight, xi, 247, 248, 249
oxidation, 230, 297
oxidative, 294, 316
oxidative damage, 115, 229, 230
oxidative stress, vii, x, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116,
118, 119, 120, 229, 243
oxygen, ix, 101, 107, 108, 112, 115, 116, 125, 129,
134, 135, 177, 180, 191
P
pain, 36, 37, 41, 45, 168, 169, 170, 199, 224
pain management, 168
pairing, 326
palate, 15, 20
pancreas, 226, 228, 249, 326, 349
pancreatic, 296
pancreatic cancer, xi, 215, 217, 219, 228, 229, 241,
242, 286
pancreatitis, 226, 229, 241
pandemic, xi, xii, 247, 250
paradigm shift, 6, 220
parallel, xi, 9, 11, 73, 75, 200, 215, 293
parallelism, 75
paralysis, 328, 342
parameter, 305, 306, 312
parasite, 138
parasites, 222
parents, 45, 54, 55, 65, 210
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