삼국시대 三國時代 Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- South Koreas brand identity
- Yi Sunsin was imprisoned
- Yi Sunsin remains today as South Koreas most popular national hero.
- First Invasion of 1627
- Second Invasion of 1636
- Injo surrendered and was forced to bow before the Qing Emperor
- Insecure because his mother was of low birth and he was accused of murdering his older step brother, the previous king.
- Went insane due to the pressure from his father to be perfect.
- Very good king, felt guilty for his fathers death which he had witnessed as a young child.
10 10 Regulate access to the palace. "We beseech Your Majesty to order the gate guards to prohibit the unauthorized entry of anyone without official position, and especially to spurn shamans who practice women's magic and those who cunningly flatter." Most famous Korean king ever.. 4th King Sejong the Great 세종대왕
( 1418-50)
世宗大王 Taejong's 3rd son: celebrated as the most enlightened king in Korean history. In 1420 he developed the Jiphyeon-jeon 'Hall of Worthies' ( lit. 'hall of gathered wise people') into a royal 集賢殿 research institute which: Provided a secure position for scholars chosen by Sejong. Developed movable type and printed many books, both Chinese but also many new Korean works including histories, books on farming, medicine and music. Developed a system of musical notation, jeonggan-bo ( ). 井間譜 Invented or improved various scientific instruments including a rain gauge, sundials, water clocks and instruments for astronomical measurements. Improved farming techniques with better seed strains and irrigation. The Jiphyeon-jeon was most productive during Sejong's reign, and was later closed by Sejo the usurper (after scholars there plotted against him). Economic policy: Farmland was divided into 6 grades of quality whilst harvests each year were differentiated according to the weather into 9 degrees (bad to good). Taxes were then calculated accordingly. Foreign policy: In 1419, advised by his father Taejong, a military invasion of Tsushima island was successfully carried out defeating the Japanese Wakō pirates based there. Subsequently the S clan of Tsushima was granted the right to trade at three Korean ports (三浦 ō sampo ), Busan, Ulsan and Jinhae. In the far northeast, between 1434-49, six garrisons (六鎭 yukjin ) were established securing the Tumen River border region against the Jurchen people (a process which had begun with campaigns involving Yi Seonggye's father during Goryeo king Gongmin's [r.1351-74] reign). Jurchen people continued to live in the northeast of Korea into the 20 th century. Negatives: "...he was, of course, a man of his own age and not ours. He confirmed the execution of an official's wife for committing adultery; he supported an official who divorced his wife for failing to bear him a son; and he approved an order that yangban women should not be allowed out onto the streets of the capital in daytime." (Pratt 2006:124) 11)
한글 Hangul script ( han'geul) Invented by King Sejong himself in 1443. There is a debate over whether he invented it himself, or it was invented by other scholars in his name, but all evidence points to him. Scholars of the Jiphyeon-jeon actually opposed the project. 1446 promulgation of the han'geul
(aka hangul) script Officially named hunminjeong'eum 훈민정음
( 'correct sounds to instruct the people') after the title of the 訓民正音 promulgation text but referred to by most Confucian officials as eonmun 언문
( 'vulgar/vernacular writing') or 諺文 amgeul 암글 ( 'women's script'). Not named han'geul until 1912. 11) Pratt, Keith. 2006: Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea. London: Reaktion Books.
11 Widely rejected by the Confucian aristocracy and yangban nobles but used by lower classes and women. The
Hunminjeong'eum has been made a part of South Korea's brand identity, 스타벅스
it's what you see on Starbucks ( ) mugs
sold in Korea! Hideyoshi Japanese Invasions 1592-98 Collectively referred to in Korean as the Imjin-waeran 임진왜란
( - 'Japanese disturbance/war of the Imjin 壬辰倭亂 year [1592]') More specifically the Imjin-waeran refers to the 1592 invasion whilst the 1597 'surge' was termed the 정유재란 Jeong'yu-jaeran ( 'repeat war of the Jeong'yu year') 丁酉再亂
Hideyoshi's invasion force of some 156,000, led by the Christian general Konishi Yukinaga ( ) landed on Busan in May 小西行長
1592 and in just 20 days had taken Seoul, continuing up to Pyeongyang. Korea was completely surprised and unprepared for the invasion. King Seonjo and the court fled to Uiju on the far northwestern border with Ming China. Only the southwestern province of Jeolla successfully repulsed the Japanese onslaught, allowing it to become a base of operations for both local uibyeong 의병 'righteous armies' ( ), and the navy led by Admiral Yi Sunsin. 義兵
Days after Seoul was taken, Admiral Yi Sunsin 이순신
( 1545-98)
李舜臣 destroyed 37 Japanese ships and maintained control of the western coast helping to cut off supplies to the overextended Japanese. Japan withdrew, leaving around 43,000 troops occupying fortresses on the southeast coast; Ming China opened peace negotiations which ultimately failed, leading to the second invasion attempt of 1597, involving a Japanese force of some 120,000. The objective of the 2nd invasion was no longer invading China, but gaining control of the southern region of Korea, thus it focused on Jeolla and Gyeongsang provinces. At the outbreak of the 2nd invasion, Yi Sunsin was imprisoned on false charges owing to the jealousy of his rival admiral Won Gyun ( 1540-97); only after Won Gyun was defeated in battle (losing many ships) was Yi Sunsin reinstated; he 元均 subsequently won a string of victories against the Japanese armada. Despite Yi Sunsin's exploits, the Japanese were never entirely defeated but ultimately withdrew on orders sent following the death of Hideyoshi (which itself was kept secret).
He won significant battles against the Japanese and died fighting (but not in any large defeat). Whilst North Korea has Kim Il Sung, South Korea has no modern military heroes, e.g. equivalent to Mannerheim, so the memory of Yi Sunsin is evoked as the imagined symbol of victory over the Japanese. Chungmuro ( ) street in central Seoul is named after his posthumous title Chungmu ( 'loyal warrior') 忠武路 忠武
Manchu Invasions 1627 and 1636 The dominant faction of the Joseon court was staunchly pro-Ming and anti-Later Jin (Jurchen-Manchu Qing); they refused to deal with the Later Jin leading to the two Manchu invasions of 1627 and 1636. First Invasion of 1627 정묘호란
(Jeongmyo-horan 'barbarian disturbance of the Jeongmyo year') 丁卯胡亂
A peace was negotiated on terms as fraternal allies and the Jurchen withdrew. Second Invasion of 1636 병자호란
(Byeongja-horan 'barbarian disturbance of the Byeongja year') 丙子胡亂
Qing Emperor Hong Taiji ( r.1626-43) led the invasion with around 100,000 troops. 洪太極
The Joseon court once again fled to Ganghwa-do, but King Injo could not reach it and took refuge in Namhansan-seong 남한산성 mountain fortress ( ) to the southeast of Seoul together with some 120,000 others where they were 南漢山城
besieged by the Qing. Rather than attack, the Qing simply waited for their supplies to run out and after 45 days, in 12 January 1637, Injo surrendered and was forced to bow before the Qing Emperor pledging vassalage. Terms of the surrender included severing ties with Ming; behaving as a vassal state to Qing (i.e. sending tribute); sending two princes as hostages to Qing and dispatching troops to aid Qing against the Ming. Subsequent to the overthrow of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) and establishment of the Manchu Qing dynasty (1644-1912), Joseon came to regard itself as the last bastion of Confucian civilization. They looked down on Qing China and restricted relations such that they remained largely unaware and uninterested in its contacts with the West and new technologies and knowledge. 북학파 Only a certain small group of scholars, known as the "Northern Learning" school ( ) took active interest in 北學派 contemporary China towards the end of the 18th century, but they had little political influence at the time. 17th~18th Centuries Koreans' popular notion of 'traditional Korea' essentially relates to the 17-18th centuries. "When Koreans today look back on their past and the civilization their ancestors created before Japan and the West began to play such an important role on the peninsula, it is the culture of the latter half of the Joseon dynasty that most often comes to mind. For it was only after 1600 that the family structure solidified into the Confucian patriarchy Koreans today view as traditional. Only after 1600 did rival political camps adopt the rigid factional postures that have come to symbolize traditional political culture, and not until after 1600 did Koreans begin enjoying the vernacular fiction and folk arts that modern Koreans consider products of traditional culture." (Sources II 1997:4)
unequal - prosperity. Population grew from perhaps around 6~9 million in 1681, to 8~12 million in 1814. 노비 Slavery ( 'slave') 奴婢
"The Joseon elite heavily relied on slaves for every step of their lives. It was probably slaves.. who delivered most of the letters.. [and] performed errands such as delivering food and catching fish. They traded goods and conducted land transactions for their masters. They even received bodily punishments in lieu of their masters.. During the 16th and 17th centuries, a yangban household often had from several dozen slaves to several hundred, and these slaves constituted the economic foundation for the ruling elite of the time." (Haboush 2009:230) 12)
During the 17-18th centuries, and from perhaps as early as the 11th century, around 30% of the population were hereditary slaves.
Commoners were said to marry their children to slaves in order for them to avoid military service. Hereditary slavery came under criticism by the silhak 실학 'practical learning' ( ) scholars, including Yu Hyeong-won ( 實學
柳馨 유형원 1622-73), Yi Ik and Yu Suwon, as being un-Confucian. 遠
nearly all government slaves. Last great but tragic king: 영조 21st King Yeongjo ( b.1694 r.1724-76) 英祖
13) Longest reign in Korean history. Genuinely concerned for the plight of commoners; would go to visit them at the palace gates and visited Jongno market where he spoke with merchants. Tried to reduce the tax burden on commoners. 12) Haboush, Kim. 2009: Epistolary Korea: Letters in the Communicative Space of the Chos n, 1392-1910. New York: Columbia University Press. 13) Haboush, Kim. 2001: The Confucian Kingship in Korea: Y ngjo and the Politics of Sagacity. New York: Columbia University Press.
13 Tried hard to reign in political factions at the court. Closed down around 300 unauthorized private schools. Insecure because his mother was of low birth and he was accused of murdering his older step brother, the previous king. As a result he strove hard to be the most perfect Confucian king. In 1762 killed his own son Prince Sado by having him locked in a rice chest where it took him eight days to die (this was to avoid the moral dilemma of being a good Confucian king and not 'executing' his son). 사도세자
Prince Sado ( 1735-62)
思悼世子 Went insane due to the pressure from his father to be perfect. Nominated regent when married aged 15 in 1749 혜경궁 홍씨
Married to Lady Hyegyeong ( 1735-1815) who wrote in 惠慶宮 洪氏 han'geul a detailed account of her husband's descent into madness and death, titled
한중록
( 1795).
閑中錄 14)
In 1759 was replaced as heir apparent by his own son, future King Jeongjo. Drank heavily; had fits of violence; brought prostitutes into the palace; killed people at random. Refused to drink poison so was locked in a rice chest where he expired. 정조 22nd King Jeongjo ( r.1776-1800) 正祖
Very good king, felt guilty for his father's death which he had witnessed as a young child. Concerned for welfare of poor: distributed grain and accepted petitions. Tried to protect abandoned children. Abolished office that hunted runaway slaves (wanted to abolish slavery completely but failed). 규장각
Taught personally at the Gyujanggak royal library ( ) established in Gyeongbukgung palace in 1776. 奎章閣
용주사 ( ) himself, near Suwon, where rites were held for his father. 龍珠寺 At the same time he remained a diligent Neo-Confucian: during his reign he paid 70 processional visits to royal tom bs around Gyeonggi-do (perhaps out of guilt for his own father's death). In 1789 he had his father's remains reburied at a geomantically auspicious spot on Mount Hwa south of Seoul; in 1794 he 화성 began building a castle-city nearby called Hwaseong ( completed 1796 - modern Suwon city, now a UNESCO 華城
heritage site) and intended to move the court here but ultimately didn't. 14) Available in English translation as Haboush, Kim. 1996: The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyong: The Autobiographical Writings of a Crown Princess of Eighteenth-Century Korea. University of California Press. Yüklə 251,31 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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