삼국시대 三國時代 Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- If the history of Goguryeo and Balhae becomes that of China, we will receive an indescribable wound. That is to say, we will
- Taebong
- Importance of Buddhism
- Temples
- Goryeo is not Tang China
- Importance of Pyeongyang
- Officials and military
1 Although the [former] territory of Balhae is now inside the present day territory of China, it [can only be considered] appropriate 주체적 종족
) ethnic group ( ) of Balhae was of Goguryeo lineage. Anyone with even a modicum of basic common sense about history would be able to think like this, so why do only the Chinese think differently?..
8) Reasons Balhae wasn't "Chinese" in the historical sense: Scholars from Balhae sat the Tang examination for foreigners, similar to Silla. 연호 Balhae used its own era names ( ), which even Silla stopped doing - only the Chinese emperor was meant to have 年號 his own era names, and Korean 'kings' were expected to use them. Unified Silla (668-935) "Unified Silla" is a modern term; they just called themselves Silla still! Post unification the Silla court became increasingly Sinicized; the court adopted Tang dress and they actively practiced the Confucian ideal of "serving the great" sadae
사대 (
) which involved acknowledging subservience to China. For this reason, 事大
modern Korean scholars do not get overly excited about this period. It did, however, see the continuous thriving of Buddhist culture including, for example, the construction of Seokgur'am grotto 석굴암 ( lit. 'stone cave hermitage') during the reign of King Gyeongdeok (r.742-65). 石窟庵 Alongside Buddhism, arts and literature flourished. 국학 Confucianism, as an ethical system for 'good governance' also developed: the National Confucian Academy ( ) was 國學
established in 682. 후삼국
Later Three Kingdoms ( ) 後三國 Later Baekje (892-936) Established by Yi Gyeonhwon 이견훤 (
867-936) 李甄萱
Thought to be a Head Rank Six military officer who had been given charge of coastal defense in the western region from where he established a power base and rebelled in 892. In 927 Gyeonhwon led a surprise attack on the Silla capital of Gyeongju. According to the Samguk-sagi, he forced the Silla King Gyeong'ae ( r.924-927) to commit suicide and raped his queen whilst the Later Baekje army plundered the city. He then enthroned Gyeongsun 景哀王 ( r.927-935), supposedly Gyeong'ae's "brother" and last king of Silla, before returning west. 敬順王 Chose his 4th son, Geumgang ( ), as his successor causing resentment by his older sons. Consequently in 935 his first son, Sin'geom 金剛 ( ), imprisoned him in a temple and killed Geumgang. After three months, Gyeonhwon escaped to Later Goguryeo together with his 神劍 youngest son and daughter and concubines. The same year, Gyeonhwon joined Wang Geon's campaign against Later Baekje and himself led the van attack against his son, Sin'geom, who surrendered and was subsequently spared by Wang Geon. Later Goguryeo (901-918) Established by Kim Gung'ye 김궁예
( 857?-918) 金弓裔
마진 In 901 he considered himself powerful enough to declare himself king; in 904 he renamed the kingdom Majin ( ). 摩震
철원 905 moved his capital eastwards from Song'ak to Cheolwon ( ) and in 911 he renamed the kingdom 鐵圓
Taebong 태봉 ( ) but 泰封
became increasingly tyrannical. In 918 he murdered his wife and two sons. Thereupon Wang Geon, one of Taebong's highest generals, rebelled against Gung'ye's tyranny; Gung'ye fled and was killed. 8)
See: http://koreanology.wordpress.com/2013/02/15/sources-history-of-the-balhae-empire-forward-contents-and-afterword/ 7 고려
Goryeo ( 918-1392) 高麗
Founded by Wang Geon ( 877-943) who became the first king. 王建
Buddhism and arts continued to flourish. Growth of Confucianism and emergence of Confucian trained yangban 양반 ( ) scholar-officials. 兩班
개경 Capital: Gaegyeong ( ) - modern day Gaeseong city located just across the border inside North Korea 開京
(modern site of the former Kaesong Industrial Complex). Wang Geon's Ten Injunctions 훈요십조 943 (
) 訓要十條
Originally said to be have been Wang Geon's final will, there is a strong argument by Breuker (2010) 9) that they were created in 현종 fact by the later 6th king, Hyeonjong ( r.1009-31). 顯宗
1 Importance of Buddhism Support and encouragement of Buddhism: both the doctrinal gyo 교 ( ) and meditation 敎 seon 선 (
) schools. 禪 2 Temples must be built according to geomantic principles . Temples should not be wantonly set-up everywhere otherwise terrestrial force will be dissipated 3
The eldest son should succeed the king but if he is not considered worthy the second son should be chosen. If he too is not worthy, any other son people consider best should be chosen. 4
It has a different geography and so does not have to copy China's institutions and dress. It certainly shouldn't copy any Khitan institutions or dress 5
The Western capital Pyeongyang has excellent geomantic properties, especially that of water and so there should be a royal visit four times a year (2 , 5 , 8 and 11 ) with the king residing there for a total of more than one 月 月
月 hundred days 6
연등회 The Buddhist festival of Yeondeunghui ( ) worshipping Buddha and geomanti 燃燈會 c/shamanic festival of 팔관회 Palgwanhui ( ) worshipping the spirit of heaven, five sacred and other mountains and rivers, and the 八關會
dragon god) are both important and should be observed. There should be no changes. 7
The king must: listen to sincere criticism and banish those who slander; not overly exploit or tax the people and learn the difficulties of agriculture. "Men of yore said that under a tempting bait a fish hangs; under a generous reward an able general wins victory; under a drawn bow a bird dare not fly; and under a virtuous and benevolent rule a loyal people serves faithfully. If you administer rewards and punishments moderately, the interplay of yin and yang will be harmonious." (Sources of Korean Tradition 1997:155) 8
Do not trust people from the former region of Baekje and do not allow royalty to marry them. Former Baekje slaves should never be allowed into government service. "The topographical features of the territory south of Gongju and beyond the Gongju river are all treacherous and disharmonious; its inhabitants are treacherous and disharmonious as well." 9
Pay salaries fairly to officials and aristocracy according to merit and needs of the state: do not waste or lavish too much. "If the public treasury is wasted upon those without merit or upon one's relatives or friends, not only will the people come to resent and criticize such abuses, but those who enjoy salaries undeservedly will also not be able to enjoy them for long." Treat soldiers and the military well as Goryeo is under constant threat of invasion 10 Read books! 9)
Breuker, Remko E. 2010. Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Kory Dynasty. Leiden・Boston: Brill.
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