V o L u m e I : a d

Vietnam

Vietnam War (1957–1975)

Vietnam War Protests

Vo Nguyen Giap (1911–)

Vogel, Hans-Jochen (1926–)

Voice of America

Vorster, Balthazar Johannes (1915–1983)

Vranitzky, Franz (1937–)

Vyshinskii, Andrei Ianuarevich (1883–1954)

Waldheim, Kurt (1918–2007)

Waldheim Affair (1986)

Waflecsa, Lech (1943–)

Walker, Edwin Anderson (1909–1993)

Walker, John Anthony, Jr. (1937–)

Wallace, Henry Agard (1888–1965)

Wang Bingnan (1906–1988)

Warsaw Pact

Warships, Surface

Washington Summit Meeting, Nixon and Brezhnev

(16–25 June 1973)

Washington Summit Meeting, Reagan and

Gorbachev (7–10 December 1987)

Watergate (1972–1974)

Weathermen

Weinberger, Caspar (1917–2006)

Welch, Robert Henry Winborne, Jr. (1899–1985)

Western European Union (23 October 1954)

Western Sahara

Westmoreland, William Childs (1914–2005)

Wheeler, Earle Gilmore (1908–1975)

Whisky on the Rocks Crisis (27 October 1981)

White, Thomas Dresser (1902–1965)

Whitlam, Edward Gough (1916–)

Wilson, Charles Erwin (1890–1961)

Wolf, Markus (1923–)

Woodstock (14–16 August 1969)

World Bank

World Council of Churches

World Peace Council

World War II, Allied Conferences

World War II, Legacy of

Wu Xiuquan (1908–1997)

Wu Xueqian (1921–)

Wyszynaki, Stefan, Cardinal (1901–1981)

Yahya Khan, Agha Mohammad (1917–1980)

Yang Shangkun (1907–1998)

Yao Wenyuan (1931–2005)

Yeltsin, Boris (1931–)

Yemen

Yemen Civil War (1962–1972)

Yoshida Shigeru (1878–1967)

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia, Armed Forces

Zápotockya, Antonín (1884–1957)

Zhang Hanfu (1905–1972)

Zhang Wentian (1900–1976)

Zhao Ziyang (1919–2005)

Zhdanov, Andrei Aleksandrovich (1896–1948)

Zhivkov, Todor (1911–1998)

Zhou Enlai (1898–1976)

Zhu De (1886–1976)

Zhukov, Georgi Konstantinovich (1917–1974)

Zia ul Haq, Muhammad (1924–1988)

Zimbabwe

Zorin, Valerian Aleksandrovich (1902–1986)

List of Entries

xxiii

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General Maps

East Central Europe, 1945: xxxi

Global Division at the Height of the Cold War, 1962:

xxxii

Cold War in Europe, 1945–1990: xxxiii

Cold War in the Caribbean, 1960–1990: xxxiv

Cold War in the Far East, 1945–1990: xxxv

Cold Ear in the Middle East, 1945–1990: xxxvi

East Central Europe, 1992: xxxvii

Global Relationships, 1990s: xxxviii

Maps within Entries

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, 1979: 63

African Independence, 1951–1968: 67

Arab-Israeli War, 1948: 154

Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961: 237

Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949: 259

Vietnamese Invasion of Cambodia, 1978: 358

China Civil War, 1945–1950: 427

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: 505

Cultural Revolution in China: 516

Sinai Campaign, 1956: 619

Soviet Territorial Gains, 1946: 662

Falklands War, 2 Apr–14 June 1982: 707

German Occupation Zones, 1945: 804

Breakup of Soviet Union, 1989–1995: 842

Greece and Turkey: 850

Hungarian Revolution, 1956: 940

Indochina War, 1946–1954: 981

Six Day War, 1967: 1026

October War, 1973: 1034

Korean War, 1950–1953: 1152

Libya, 1981–1986: 1207

Malayan Insurgency, 1948–1960: 1256

Marshall Plan Aid: 1289

Nicaragua, 1979: 1483

Nuclear Arms Race, 1945–1985: 1524

U.S. Invasion of Panama, 1989: 1576

Disposition of Forces in the Gulf War, 1991: 1621

Ground Operations in the Gulf War, 1991: 1622

Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979: 1830

Somalia and Eritrea: 1849

CENTO and SEATO: 1878

Succession States of the Soviet Union: 1887

Suez Crisis, 1956: 1967

Taiwan Strait Crises (1954–1955 and 1958): 2000

Tet Offensive, 1968: 2034

The No-Fly Zone War, 1991–2003: 2137

Ho Chi Minh Campaign, 1975: 2187

Vietnam War, 1964–1967: 2197

Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968: 2227

List of Maps

xxv

List of Maps

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The Cold War was, simply put, the single most important event of the sec-

ond half of the twentieth century. For the purposes of the encyclopedia we

have included some background information on World War II, such as the

Allied conferences. We have chosen to end the entries within the encyclo-

pedia in 1991, with the breakup of the Soviet Union and the disbandment of

the Warsaw Pact. A number of entries, however, including biographies and

those treating particular countries, continue past that date.

While the Cold War period was marked by diplomatic and military con-

frontation (although fortunately no major war of the superpowers involving

nuclear weapons occurred), it also shaped the lives of the billions of people

who lived through it in many countless ways. We have tried, therefore, to

address its social and economic impact, not only in the individual country

entries but by including entries on such topics as literature, music, film, and

religion. Members of the editorial advisory board and individual contributors

suggested additional entries, and we incorporated many of their ideas. Many

entries were updated shortly before publication.

The encyclopedia contains entries treating most of the world’s nations,

and we have included separate entries on the most important military estab-

lishments. Other categories emphasized are individuals, diplomacy (confer-

ences as well as treaties), weapons systems, wars, and important battles.

Obviously, even in an encyclopedia of a million words it is impossible to

include every individual or event, but we hope that we have treated the most

influential.

I have been ably assisted on this project by associate editor Dr. Paul P.

Pierpaoli Jr. and assistant editors Dr. Timothy C. Dowling, Mr. Gordon

Hogg, and Dr. Priscilla Roberts. Editorial Advisory Board members assisted

in special ways. I would especially like to recognize Shawn Livingston and

Law Yuk-fun, who were quick to answer highly esoteric inquiries. Dr. Pier-

paoli and I did all preliminary editing, and the assistant editors each read the

entire copy and made editorial suggestions.

This encyclopedia contains the widest range of international contribu-

tors than any I have previously edited. Included are scholars from such

Preface

xxvii

Preface

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