The main trends of capitalization of human resources in the agricultural network

Table 1. Dynamics of permanent urban and rural population in the Republic of Uzbekistan and Syrdarya region

Years	Republic of Uzbekistan		Syrdarya region		Growth dynamics of permanent rural population, in %
	Urban population	rural population	Urban population	rural population	Republic of Uzbekistan	Syrdarya region
2018	16532,7	16124,0	350,0	465,9	47,5	66,9
2019	16806,7	16448,8	354,8	475,1	47,1	66,1
2020	17144,1	16761,1	361,3	485,0	47,2	65,8
2021	17510,4	17048,5	366,7	494,2	47,6	65,2
2022	17510,4	17335,5	374,3	504,3	49,0	65,3

Author's development based on the data of the Statistical Agency under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The results of the analysis of the dynamics of permanent urban and rural population in the Republic of Uzbekistan and Syrdarya region (Table 1) show that the average number of rural residents in the country has increased from 47.5% to 49.0%, or 1211.5. Also, in 2022, it will be 16.3% more in Syrdarya region compared to the national average. These results indicate that there is a surplus of labor force in the rural areas of Uzbekistan, and it can be solved step by step by placing modern innovative industrial enterprises that process agricultural products with high labor capacity.
Table 2. Classification of future professions in agriculture

Name of professions	Classification
Agronomist-economist	ensures the competitiveness of products taking into account market needs and requirements, is responsible for the economic risks and management of the enterprise
Agricultural ecologist	Responsible for waste management, i.e. development, utilization of agricultural residues as well as soil regeneration
Automation of agricultural machinery	Controls automated equipment in agriculture: including sensor systems, drones and agrobots, and hakazo.
Urban farmer	It provides services to agro-industrial farms in large cities with multi-storey buildings
Agronomist - specialist in the use of genetically modified products	Specialist in the use of genetically modified products in agriculture; biotechnological achievements are concerned with the implementation and obtaining of products while preserving their properties
Agroinformatics/agrocybernetics	A highly qualified specialist in digitization and automation in agricultural enterprises

Source: Compiled by the author based on the data of the new professions atlas.
In our opinion, the assessment of human capital should be multi-level. Differences in human capital are caused by its formation, important inter-sectoral and inter-territorial habitat, participation in the environment. In the competitive struggle of the economy, the most talented and educated people in agriculture are left behind in the inter-sectoral competition.
The level of education of the most active part of the rural population is low. This problem existed even in the years of planned economy. The most talented students of rural schools tend to enter non-agricultural educational institutions. This trend has become especially noticeable in the last decade. Although the necessary number of students are attracted to educational institutions specializing in technological specialties such as animal husbandry, agronomy and veterinary medicine, most of the graduates are not interested in working in this field due to low wages.
Villagers are the main producers of agricultural products and ensure the country's food independence. So who are the villagers - human resources or capital? One of the important aspects of sustainable development of agriculture is the human factor. Agriculture provides not only food security, but also economic security of the country, which, in turn, creates the need for the formation of high-quality human capital in the agricultural sector to become a strategic task of the state.
How to evaluate the human capital of a network or organization? If measured by wages, the value of human capital is lower than in other sectors of the economy due to low wages in the agricultural sector. The salary level of employees of organizations in agriculture is almost 2 times lower than in other sectors of the economy.
The undervaluation of labor in agriculture characterizes the attitude of both the leaders of agricultural organizations and the authorities to the existing human capital, the relationship between human capital and the results of the enterprise is not sufficiently evaluated. If an agricultural specialist with a higher agricultural education starts working, for example, as a salesman or security guard, his salary will increase. However, there is no increase in human capital. On the contrary, acquired knowledge and experience are not required.
Developing a methodology for determining the value of human capital in agriculture and calculating the profitability of investments in human capital is a serious and complex task not only for agricultural organizations, but also for the entire region.
It is not enough to assess the quantity and value of human capital in relation to the rural population. In our opinion, rural human capital should be considered more broadly in relation to investments in the individual, accumulation of human capital, return on investment, and the number of years of education of the individual.
A villager plays a multi-functional role. It does this for free, and the costs are included in functions that should be borne by the state. It is desirable that almost everyone who lives in rural areas of the country should be considered from the point of view of capital. Villagers contribute to increasing the recreational needs of the community and maintaining agro-biodiversity. This is especially important for Uzbekistan. Because in our country, the family is sacred, and the neighborhood is an integral part of our society. In terms of human capital formation, the role of the representatives of the older generation in the labor training of children, teaching them the skills of rural labor, teaching them love and respect for the earth and nature is incomparable.
Employees of the agrarian sector of the economy, owners of private auxiliary farms produce agricultural products on their farms. According to the data of 2022 in Uzbekistan, more than 63.2% of the gross agricultural product is private farms. Or, 36.2% of cultivated agricultural products and 90.2% of livestock products are made by farmers and homesteads [7]. At the same time, it is possible to observe a decrease in production in private auxiliary farms with the increase in the standard of living and the increase in official wages.
Self-employment in homesteads does not affect the length of service and the amount of old-age pension. Empirically, we can come to the conclusion that the amount of income received from a private auxiliary farm depends on the level of education, business skills, and human qualities.
The formation of human capital requires a decent salary, which allows us to constantly improve the level of education, maintain physical, psychological and moral health. More enterprising, active people sell their products in the market or to their fellow villagers at market prices, while others sell to vendors.
When determining the value of the human capital of agricultural workers, it is necessary to take into account not only the amount of wages and material incentives, but also the cost of products produced directly on farms, and financial costs for its production.
For the formation of human capital, it is necessary to have a decent salary that allows you to constantly increase the level of education, maintain physical, psychological and moral health.
In accordance with the concept of the priority development of the system of knowledge and innovation in agriculture in 2021-2025 in our country, to ensure the seamless integration of education, science and production in the field of agriculture, taking into account the current and future needs of agricultural sectors for qualified specialists a number of urgent tasks are being carried out, such as retraining personnel and ensuring their qualification, conducting fundamental, practical and innovative researches in the field of agriculture, training highly qualified scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel.
According to the data of 2020 in our country, greenhouses have been put into operation on 613 hectares of land, and construction and assembly work is being carried out on 437 hectares of land. In general, the construction of greenhouses on a large scale in our country provides not only seasonal employment in rural areas, but guaranteed employment throughout the year.