Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies Department of Electrical Engineering
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Prepared by: - Hossam Algamar Mohamed Ahmed Tayeb Alasma Supervisor
- ميظعلا الله قدص
| Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies Department of Electrical Engineering Dual Axis Sun Tracking System Using a Microcontroller and a Stepper Motor ماظن عــــبتت لا ذ سمش و لا نــــيروحم ةوطخلا كرحمو قيقدلا مكحتملا مادختسإب A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of the degree of M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (Power) Prepared by: - Hossam Algamar Mohamed Ahmed Tayeb Alasma Supervisor:- Dr.Elfadil Zakaria Yahia Abdalla February, 2018 ii ةيلآا :يلاعت لاق ﴿ َلِزاَنَم ُهَرَّدَقَو ًاروُن َرَمَقلاَو ًءاَي ِض َسْمَّشلا َلَعَج يذَّلا َوه ِ قحلاِب َّلاِإ َكلذ الله َقَلَخ اَم با َسِحلاَو َنيِنـ ِسلا َدَدَع اوُمَلْعَتِل ُل ِ صفُي نوُمَلْعَي ٍموَقِل ِتايلأا ﴾ . ميظعلا الله قدص (
سنوي - آ ةي 5 ) iii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my father, who taught me that the best kind of knowledge is to have which is learned for its own sake. It is also dedicated to my mother, who taught me that the largest task could be accomplished if it is done step by step in a period time. iv Acknowledgement All the thanks, praises and glorifying is due to Almighty ALLAH and to my mother and father, who grew me up, fed me and guided me through life. I owe my deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr. Elfadil Zakaria Yahia, first for accepting me as a student, then for the support and help, he has given me throughout the project. Besides, I also want to thank Eng. Osman Mohammed for his significant assistance and help. Many thanks to my colleagues and all the staff at Department of Electrical Engineering, for the pleasant working atmosphere and any friendship. v ABSTRACT This study pursuit develop solar energy systems in the light of technological advances to develop these systems, especially those moving (solar Tracking) to take advantage of sunlight for a longer period. The Objective of Thesis is to find a design of the sun Tracker with two axes follow the movement of the sun throughout the sunrise to take advantage of the rays and solve the problem of environmental factors and the alternation of night and day to produce the greatest amount of solar energy. The circuit of the solar tracker system is dividing into three sections. Firstly, there is the input stage that is composed of sensors and potentiometers, secondly a program in BASCOM software in the microcontroller and lastly the driving circuit that has the stepper motor. And the main results are as follows: • The study obtained on a model to track the sun in two directions (East, West), (North, South) using the microprocessor and step motor. • Solve the problem of different classes and the factors that affect the natural rays fall on the cell. • Solve the problem of stopping the cell at night and daytime running system vi م تس صلخ ثحبلا ةساردلا ت كلت ةصاخ ةمظنلأا هذه ريوطتل يجولونكتلا مدقتلا لظ يف ةيسمشلا ةقاطلا ةمظنأ ريوطتل ىعس مشلا تابقعتملا( ةكرحتملا س .ةرتف لوطلأ سمشلا ءوض نم ةدافتسلإل )ةي هأ نمكت فاد اهقورش ةرتف ةليط سمشلا ةكرح عباتت نيروحم يذ سمشلل عبتتم ميمصت داجيإ يف ثحبلا ةقاطلا نم ردق ربكأ جاتنلإ راهنلاو ليللا فلاتخ او ةيئيبلا لماوعلا ةلكشم لحو اهتعشأ نم ةدافتسلإل .ةيسمشلا هرئاد مسقنتو ةموظنم تلا عبتت خدملا هلحرم كانه ، لاوأ .ماسقأ هثلاث ىلإ يسمشلا ت يتلا تلا نم فلات تاساسحلا ةيئوضلا ةيدحلا حيتافملا و جمانرب ايناثو ، لا موكساب مكحتملا يلع ةجمربلل يخأو ار ةدوقملا ةرئادلا رايتلل ةوطخلا تاكرحمو . :يتلأاك ثحبلا جئاتن مهأو • مادختسإب )بونج ، لامش( ، )برغ ، قرش( نيهاجتإ يف سمشلا عبتتل جذومن ىلع ةساردلا تلصحت ملا .ةوطخلا كرحمو قيقدلا جلاع • .ةيلخلا ىلع ةعشلأا طوقس ىلع رثؤت يتلا ةيعيبطلا لماوعلاو لوصفلا فلاتخإ ةلكشم لح • .ًاراهن ةموظنملا ليغشتو ًلايل ةيلخلا فاقيإ ةلكشم لح vii Table of Contents ةيلآا ......................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ........................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgement .............................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT......................................................................................................... v صلختسم ثحبلا ............................................................................................................ vi Table of Contents ............................................................................................... vii List of Figures ..................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ...................................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 General background: ............................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement: ................................................................................. 3 1.3 Objective: ................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Methodology: .......................................................................................... 3 1.5 Thesis Layout: ......................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................. 5 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 5 2.1 Introduction: ............................................................................................ 5 2.2 The Earth: Rotation and Revolution ....................................................... 6 2.3 Solar Irradiation: Sunlight and the Solar Constant: ................................ 7 2.4 Sunlight: .................................................................................................. 8 2.5 Tracking System: .................................................................................. 10 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................... 14 Solar Energy ................................................................................................ 14 3.1 Introduction: .......................................................................................... 14 3.2 Renewable energy for rural Development: ........................................... 15 3.3 Solar energy in Sudan: .......................................................................... 18 3.4 Applications of Solar Energy Systems in Sudan: ................................. 20 viii 3.5 Solar cells: ............................................................................................. 24 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................. 36 GENERAL DIFINITION ) COMPONENTS ( ............................................. 36 4.1 Stepper motor: ....................................................................................... 36 4.2 Microcontroller: .................................................................................... 39 4.3 Sensors: ................................................................................................. 47 4.4 Motor driver IC (ULN2003): ................................................................ 52 CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................... 53 RESULTS, SIMULATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS .................................. 53 5.1 Preview: ................................................................................................. 53 5.2 List of components: ............................................................................... 53 5.3 The Practical circuit .............................................................................. 54 5.4 The operational process of the system: ................................................. 55 5.5 Program Flow Chart: ............................................................................. 59 CHAPTER SIX .................................................................................................. 62 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................ 62 6.1 Conclusion: ........................................................................................... 62 6.2 Recommendations: ................................................................................ 62 REFERENCES: ........................................................................................... 63 APPENDIX A ................................................................................................... A1 Software ............................................................................................................ A1 ix List of Figures F IGURE 2-1 S OLAR C ELL ................................................................................... 6 F IGURE 2-2 E ARTH ’ S ROTA ............................................................................... 7 F IGURE 2-3 R EVOLUTION AND ROTATION 7 ........... .................... . .. ........... .. .... F IGURE 2-4 A NGLE OF ELEVATION AND ZENITH ANGLE ..................................... 9 F IGURE 3-1 S OLAR ENERGY RESOURCE AVAILABLE IN S UDAN ........................ 19 F IGURE 3-2 N UMBER OF SOLAR PANELS IN SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS .............. 23 F IGURE 3-3 D ISTRIBUTION OF SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS IN THE UTILITIES ....... 24 F IGURE 3-4 S PECTRAL IRRADIANCE VS WAVELENGTH .................................... 25 F IGURE 3-5 P RINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF SOLAR CELL .................................... 26 F IGURE 3-6 P HOTO GENERATED CARRIERS IN A SOLAR CELL ........................... 27 F IGURE 3-7 F INGER ELECTRODES ON A PN JUNCTION SOLAR CELL .................. 27 F IGURE 3-8 PN JUNCTION SOLAR CELL UNDER ILLUMINATION ... ...................... 29 F IGURE 3-9 A SOLAR CELL CONNECTED TO AN EXTERNAL LOAD .................... 29 F IGURE 3-10 I−V CHARACTERISTICS OF S I PN JUNCTION SOLAR CELL .............. 30 F IGURE 3-11 I-V CURVE FOR A SOLAR CELL WITH MAXIMUM POWER ............... 31 F IGURE 3-12 S OLAR CELL E ffi CIENCY AS A FUNCTION OF BAND GAP .................. 31 F IGURE 3-13 S I SOLAR CELL WITH AN INVERTED PYRAMID STRUCTURE ............ 31 F IGURE 3-14 E ffi CIENCY OF VARIOUS RESEARCH SOLAR CELLS .......................... 33 F IGURE 3-15 G A A S /A L G A A S BASED HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELL ............... 34 F IGURE 3-16 S CHEMATIC OF A G A A S BASED HOMOJUNCTION SOLAR CELL ...... 34 F IGURE 3-17 T ANDEM SOLAR CELLS ................................................................. 34 F IGURE 4-1 B LOCK DIAGRAM OF STEPPER MOTOR SYSTEM ............................ 36 F IGURE 4-2 C ROSS - SECTION OF VARIABLE RELUCTANCE MOTOR ................... 37 F IGURE 4-3 C ROSS - SECTION OF PERMANENT MAGNET STEPPER MOTOR ......... 38 F IGURE 4-4 C ROSS - SECTION OF HSMM ICROCONTROLLER : ........................... 39 x F IGURE 4-5 A BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A MICROCONTROLLER .............................. 41 F IGURE 4-6 T YPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS ................................................... 44 F IGURE 4-7 AT MEGA 16 P IN - OUT DIAGRAM ................................................... 46 F IGURE 4-8 L IGHT D EPENDENT R ESISTOR (LDR) .......................................... 50 F IGURE 4-9 RESISTANCE VS . ILLUMINATION CURVE FOR A PARTICULAR LDR 50 F IGURE 4-10 M ATERIALS OF LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR) .................... 51 F IGURE 5-1 S CHEMATIC REPRESENTATION TO THE SYSTEM ............................ 55 F IGURE 5-2 W AITING FOR THE S UN ................................................................. 56 F IGURE 5-3 THE CLOUDS POSITION .................................................................. 56 F IGURE 5-4 THE DARKNESS POSITION .............................................................. 57 F IGURE 5-5 S EARCH FOR THE SUN IN THE NORTH AND SOUTH DIRECTION ........ 57 F IGURE 5-6 SEARCHING FOR LIGHT .................................................................. 58 F IGURE 5-7 S EARCHING H OME P OSITION ......................................................... 59 F IGURE 5-8 S EARCHING F OR S UN .................................................................... 60 F IGURE 5-9 S OLAR T RACKER ........................................................................... 61 xi List of Tables T ABLE 2-1 S UNLIGHT IN DAY .............................................................................. 8 T ABLE 2-2 D IRECT POWER LOST (%) DUE TO MISALIGNMENT ( ANGLE I) ........... 11 T ABLE 3-1 M AIN SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR LIGHTING IN THE S TATE : ............... 22 T ABLE 3-2 SOME COMMON SOLAR CELL MATERIALS ......................................... 35 T ABLE 4-1 T YPE OF S ENSORS FOR V ARIOUS M EASUREMENT O BJECTIVES ........ 48 Yüklə 0,62 Mb. 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