Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies Department of Electrical Engineering
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● The necessity of giving a good budget for further experimenting on this system, by applying the study of the simulator on a real cells and in different locations around Sudan, in order to take advantage of this study specially in the remote villages for the purpose of power generation. ● Finding appropriate solutions that address the impact of dust on solar cells. The most important problem facing solar energy projects is that solar cells are affected by atmospheric factors and their performance is reduced by 50% when they are exposed to dust waves. ● The emergence of solar applications from university roofs to meet the needs of society, which corresponds to the future foresight studies conducted by the (World Energy Agency) that has pointed the possibility of producing most of the world needed electricity from solar energy over the next 50 years. ● Further studies needed in the field of solar energy applications in agricultural projects and lighting houses. ● Take advantage of the application of the theories used in this system in military projects that deals with this area. ● Extra Attention to researches on the development of solar energy systems. 63 REFERENCES: [1] Green, Martin A. Solar Cells; “Operating Principles, Technology, and System Applications”, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1982. [2] Martin A. Green, Keith Emery, Yoshihiro Hishikawa, Wilhelm Warta and Ewan D. Dunlop; “Solar cell efficiency tables (version 41), Progress in Photovoltaics:” Research and Applications; Wiley Online Library, available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pip.2352/pdf Date accessed: 4/2/13. [3] S. J. Hamilton, “Sun-tracking solar cell array system,” University of Queensland Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Bachelors Thesis, 1999. [4] Antonio L. Luque; Viacheslav M. Andreev, “Concentrator Photovoltaics. Springer Verlag”, 2007. [5] David Cooke, "Single vs. Dual Axis Solar Tracking", Alternate Energy eMagazine, April 2011. [6] Omer A. M. “Renewable Energy Potential in Sudan. International Energy Journal, 2(1): 15-35”, 2001 [7] Goedseels V., Stuyft E. Van Der, Avermaete U., Buis H. and Palz W. “New Perspectives for Energy Savings in Agriculture, Current Progress in Solar Technologies”, 1986. [8] Campen B. Van, Guidi D. and Best G. “Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development. Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 2, FAO, Rome”, 2000. 64 [9] Grothoff J. M. Estimating “the Renewable Energy Potential in Africa. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)”, 2014. [10] Sayigh A. “Renewable Energy in the Service of Mankind ”Vol. 2, Selected Topics from the World Renewable Energy Congress 2014. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2016. [11] C.W. de Silva: “Control Sensors and Actuators”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1989. [12] T. Wildi, “Electrical Machine Drives and Power Systems” February 5, 2005. [13] D. Austin, “Generate stepper-motor speed profiles in real time”, article in Embedded Systems Programming’ January 2005. [14] “The AVR microcontroller and embedded system” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi, 2009 [15] Jacob Fraden, “handbook of Modern sensor” 2 nd ed”, Air Press, 1996. A1 APPENDIX A Software This appendix is about the code of the Atmega16 microcontroller: / ************************************************************** $regfile "m16def.dat" $crystal = 8000000 Config Lcd = 20 * 2 Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db4 = Portc.3 , Db5 = Portc.4 , Db6 = Portc.5 , Db7 = Portc.6 , Rs = Portc.2 , E = Portc.1 Config Adc = Single , Prescaler = Auto , Reference = Avcc Start Adc Config Portb = Output Config Portb.4 = Input Config Portb.5 = Input Config Portb.6 = Input Config Portd = Output Dim X As Integer , I As Integer , W As Word , Z As Word , T As Word Dim W1 As Word , Z1 As Word , W2 As Word , Z2 As Word Do If Pinb.5 = 1 Then Portb = 0 A2 If Pinb.5 = 0 Then Gosub 1 Loop 1: Cls Lcd "Searching.." Do Portb.i = 1 Waitms 50 Portb.i = 0 I = I + 1 If I > 3 Then I = 0 If Pinb.4 = 1 Then Gosub 2 Loop 2: Cls Lcd "Searching..." Do Portb.i = 1 Waitms 50 Portb.i = 0 I = I - 1 If I < 0 Then I = 3 If Pinb.5 = 1 Then Portb.3 = 1 A3 Waitms 50 Portb.3 = 0 Portb.2 = 1 Waitms 50 Gosub 3 End If Loop 3: I = 3 For I = 3 To 0 Step -1 Portb.i = 1 Waitms 50 Portb.i = 0 Next I Portb = 0 Cls Lcd "H.Position.." Gosub 4 4: Do Portd.i = 1 Waitms 40 Portd.i = 0 A4 I = I - 1 If I < 0 Then I = 3 If Pinb.6 = 1 Then Waitms 500 Cls Lcd "Home position" Wait 2 Gosub 5 End If Loop 5: Cls Do W = Getadc(0) Waitms 10 Z = Getadc(1) Waitms 10 If Z > 800 And W > 800 Then Locate 1 , 1 Lcd "Waiting for SUN" Else If Z < 750 And W < 750 Then Gosub 6 End If Loop A5 6: Do Portb.i = 1 Waitms 50 Portb.i = 0 I = I + 1 If I > 3 Then I = 0 If Pinb.4 = 1 Then Gosub 7 End If Loop 7: For I = 0 To 3 Portd.i = 1 Waitms 40 Portd.i = 0 Next I Do W = Getadc(0) Z = Getadc(1) '-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*- Portd.i = 1 Waitms 40 A6 Portd.i = 0 I = I + 1 If I > 3 Then I = 0 If Pinb.6 = 1 Then Waitms 500 For I = 3 To 0 Step -1 Portd.i = 1 Waitms 40 Portd.i = 0 Next I Gosub 71 End If '-*-*-*--*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*- If W < 100 And Z < 100 Then T = W - Z If T > 0 And T < 3 Then Gosub H End If Loop 71: Do A7 W = Getadc(0) Z = Getadc(1) '-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*- Portd.i = 1 Waitms 40 Portd.i = 0 I = I - 1 If I < 0 Then I = 3 If Pinb.6 = 1 Then Waitms 500 Gosub 1 End If '-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*- If W < 100 And Z < 100 Then T = W - Z If T > 0 And T < 3 Then Gosub H End If Loop '-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*- H: Cls Do Portd = 0 Locate 1 , 1 Lcd "SUN FOUND.." Wait 1 A8 Gosub 8 Loop 8: Do W = Getadc(2) Waitms 10 Z = Getadc(3) Waitms 10 W1 = W - 2 W2 = W + 2 Z1 = Z - 2 Z2 = Z + 2 If Z > 130 And W > 130 Then If Z < 300 And W < 300 Then Locate 1 , 1 Waitms 20 Lcd "CLOUDY....!" Gosub Cloudy End If End If A9 If Z > 500 And W > 500 Then Locate 1 , 1 Lcd "DARKNESS..!" Wait 1 Gosub 1 End If If Z > W1 And Z < W2 And Z < 30 Then If W > Z1 And W < Z2 And W < 30 Then Locate 1 , 1 Lcd "NORMAL...!" Locate 2 , 1 Lcd "STABLE..." End If End If If W > Z2 And W < 80 Then Portb.i = 1 Waitms 20 Portb.i = 0 Locate 1 , 1 Lcd "Rotating.." Locate 2 , 1 Lcd "WEST....." I = I + 1 A10 If I > 3 Then I = 0 End If If Z > W2 And Z < 80 Then Portb.i = 1 Waitms 20 Portb.i = 0 Locate 1 , 1 Lcd "Rotating.." Locate 2 , 1 Lcd "EAST....." I = I - 1 If I < 0 Then I = 3 End If Loop Cloudy: Do Portb.i = 1 Waitms 50 Portb.i = 0 I = I + 1 If I > 3 Then I = 0 While Pinb.5 = 0 W = Getadc(2) A11 Waitms 10 Z = Getadc(3) Waitms 10 If W < 100 And Z < 100 Then Return Wend If Pinb.4 = 1 Then Gosub Cloudy2 Loop Cloudy2: Do Portb.i = 1 Waitms 50 Portb.i = 0 I = I - 1 If I < 0 Then I = 3 While Pinb.5 = 1 W = Getadc(2) Waitms 10 Z = Getadc(3) Waitms 10 If W < 100 and Z < 100 Then Gosub 8 Wend Loop Yüklə 0,62 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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