Sheet Metal Forming

Abbreviations and Symbols
ix
a
d
die angle
a
p
punch tip angle
A
area, geometric contact area, 
instantaneous cross-sectional 
area 
A
a
apparent contact area
A
BH
area of the blank under the 
blankholder
A
f
cross-sectional area at fracture
A
p
cross-sectional area of the punch
A
piston
area of piston
A
r
, 
A
r
area reduction, real contact area
A
s
area of the cut surface
A
0

original cross-sectional area
ac 
alternating current
AHSS 
advanced high-strength steel
AISI 
American Iron and Steel Institute
AKDQ 
aluminum-killed drawing quality 
AS 
adaptive simulation
ASAME 
Automated Strain Analysis and 
Measurement Environment
b
width of die opening
BA 
bend allowance
bcc 
body-centered cubic
BD 
bend deduction
BDC 
bottom dead center
BEF 
Bauschinger effect factor
BH 
bake hardening, bake hardenable
BHF 
blankholder force
BHP 
blankholder pressure
c 
Cowper-Symonds coefficient
c
empirical factor, width of warp
c
d
speed of sound
c
p
heat capacity
C
die clearance, stiffness
C
F
compression force, stiffness of 
the fluid column
C
θ
angular stiffness
CAD 
computer-aided design
CAM 
computer-aided manufacturing
CDV 
critical damage value
C.L. 
curvilinear length
CMM 
coordinate measuring machine
CNC 
computer numerical controlled
COF 
coefficient of friction
CP 
complex-phase, commercially 
pure
CPF 
Center for Precision Forming
CQ 
commercial quality
CR 
cold rolled
CVD 
chemical vapor deposition
d
punch stroke, diameter, diameter 
of mandrel, vertical deflection, 
dimpling
d
b
blank diameter, diameter of 
blankholder
d
c
diameter of die cavity
d
d
, 
D
d
die diameter, punch-die 
clearance
d
f
diameter of flanged hole after 
flanging
d
F,max
outside diameter of flange when 
drawing load is maximum
d
h
diameter of pierced hole
d
m
diameter of the cup wall at max-
imum drawing force
d
p
, 
D
p
punch diameter, external cup 
diameter at maximum drawing 
force
d
S
punch stroke
d
0
initial diameter, blank diameter
d
1
inner cup diameter
de
infinitesimal engineering strain
dl
differential change of length
dt
infinitesimal time
d
ε
infinitesimal natural strain
d
ε
xy

infinitesimal shear angle change
D
diameter, sag
D
cp
depth of crack penetration
D
F
mandrel diameter

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