Sheet Metal Forming

362 / Sheet Metal Forming—Processes and Applications
Timoshenko’s buckling theory, 54
titanium
density, 83
roll forming, 212, 223
titanium alloys
explosive forming, 233
high-velocity forming, 227
Ti-6Al-4V, 285
Tog-L-Loc, 294–295(F)
die used, 294–295(F)
process, 295(F)
stages, 294
tonnage signatures, 301
tool coatings
AHSS, 119, 121–122, 123(T), 334(T)
blanking, 11
boronizing, 11
chemical vapor deposition (CVD) coating, 11
hard facing (nickel-base alloys), 11
hard-chromium coating, 11
nitriding, 11
physical vapor deposition, 11
TiC, 11
vapor deposition, 11
tool dies. 
See
hot stamping dies
tool hardening treatments
case (surface) hardening, 322–324
flame hardening, 322–323(F)
induction hardening, 323
laser beam hardening, 323(F)
methods, 323(T)
quenching, 322–323
HRB scale, 320
HRC scale, 320
HV, 320
nitriding, 324(F,T), 325(F)
overview, 317(T), 320
Rockwell hardness, 320, 321(F), 322(F)
selection guidelines
benchmark studies, 332–334(F,T)
comparative studies, 332(T)
ranking (ten treatments), 333(T)
through hardening, 317(T), 320–321, 322(F)
Vickers hardness, 320, 321(F)
tool materials, 319–320(F)
A2, 11
D2, 11
M2, 11
AHSS, 120–121(T)
background
dry sand/rubber wheel abrasion, 318(F)
galling, 317–318
tool failure mechanisms, 317
tool failures, 317(T)
tool life, prolonging, 317(T)
tool wear, 317–318
wear coefficient of several tool materials, 318(F)
burr, 11
carbides, 11
cast iron, 319
cast steels, 319–320(F)
cemented tungsten carbide, 11
classification of
ferrous materials, 319
nonferrous metals, 318
nonmetallic materials, 318
cobalt, 11
CPM 10V, 11
high-vanadium carbide powder metallurgy tools, 11
polymeric materials, 318, 319(F)
recommendations for forming
DP 600, 335(T)
DP 800, 335(T)
DP 1000, 335(T)
selection guidelines
benchmark studies, 332–334(F,T)
comparative studies, 332(T)
ranking (ten materials), 333(T)
tool steel selection, 335(T)
tool steels, 320(T)
tungsten, 11
tool steels, 319
AHSS, 126
as classified by AISI, 320(T)
D2, 324(F)
overview, 320
recommendations, 335(T)
selection guidelines, 335(T)
tool wear
AHSS, 108
die design, 201(T)
dieless joining, 297
dry film lubricants, 120
estimation of, 318(F)
factors affecting, 317–318(T)
FEA, 16
force sensors, 301