Ebbinghaus said this because psychology’s questions go back to the ancients

Corsets restricted breathing, compressed internal organs and put pressure on bones in the rib cage.

• Constriction of women’s ability to move freely and modification of their bodies in the name of beauty is analogous to foot-binding in Asian culture.
• Reform movements gave women experience organizing that was useful in suffrage and temperance movements.

Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia, into a “pure Russian” religious family, the oldest of 11 kids.

• Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia, into a “pure Russian” religious family, the oldest of 11 kids.

• He abandoned the idea of becoming a priest after reading Darwin’s “Origin of the Species” and Sechenov’s “Reflexes of the Brain.”
• Pavlov left seminary to attend the University of St. Petersburg where Sechenev was professor of physiology.
• Sechenev had demonstrated that a higher brain center could inhibit activity of a lower one using frog reflexes.

Pavlov graduated in 1875 and won a medal for his research on pancreatic nerves.

• Pavlov graduated in 1875 and won a medal for his research on pancreatic nerves.

• In 1878, Botkin invited him to direct a new lab in experimental medicine, where he earned an M.D.

• Botkin thought stress caused most diseases as the central nervous system failed to adapt to the demands of life.

• He worked in Germany, then returned to Russia and had trouble finding a job, starving with no heat, but continuing his research in his apt.

• In 1891, hired at St. Petersburg Military Academy.

In 1895, Pavlov was hired at Univ. of St. Petersburg and he earned a Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work studying digestive processes.

• In 1895, Pavlov was hired at Univ. of St. Petersburg and he earned a Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work studying digestive processes.

• Pavlov’s aim was to study living systems. His dogs went through the same surgical procedures as people, including sepsis and anesthesia procedures.

• He developed a surgically created miniature stomach pouch to study digestion uncontaminated by food.
• He discovered that a gastric reflex occurred even without food present elicited by a “psychical reflex.”

Pavlov’s Nobel speech was not about digestion but about psychical reflexes occurring without food.

• Pavlov’s Nobel speech was not about digestion but about psychical reflexes occurring without food.

• Ovsianitskii’s dissertation was about salivation to a variety of stimuli, including sight of food or a bowl or the footsteps of the lab personnel who fed the dogs.
• Pavlov designed a “Tower of Silence” to isolate dogs from all other stimuli except the ones being studied (buzzers, metronomes, tactical and thermal stimuli).
• Generalization of the CS was also demonstrated, and secondary conditioning (pairing first CS with a 2nd one).

Pavlov’s co-worker Tolochinov discovered extinction via presentation of the CS without food.

• Pavlov’s co-worker Tolochinov discovered extinction via presentation of the CS without food.

• He also found that dogs could be trained to discriminate between two stimuli (CS+ signalling food and CS- signalling absence of food).
• Pavlov believed these produced excitation or inhibition in the cortex.
• When a CS- occurred many times, dogs went to sleep.
• Dogs could discriminate between accelerating and decelerating metronome speeds.

Dogs trained to discriminate ellipses and circles with a ratio of 8/7 showed acute neuroses when the ratio was changed to 9/8.

• Dogs trained to discriminate ellipses and circles with a ratio of 8/7 showed acute neuroses when the ratio was changed to 9/8.

• Neuroses included disrupted behavior, biting, barking.

• Dogs nearly drowned in a lab flood showed changes in behavior after rescue, including easily disrupted CRs, sensitivity to stimuli, especially water.

• A simultaneous presentation of food and shock induced neurosis – this was reduced by sodium bromide given to inhibit excitation.

Pavlov found 4 types of dogs with large individual differences in learning & discrimination:

• Pavlov found 4 types of dogs with large individual differences in learning & discrimination:

• Sanguine – strong & lively, conditioned easily. Excitation and inhibition were balanced.
• Melancholic – slow and depressed, learned slowly with poor discrimination/generalization. Inhibition dominant.
• Choleric – unstable and impetuous, learned easily but little discrimination, easily neurotic. Excitation excessive.
• Phlegmatic – inert and slothful, showed poor learning, resistant to experimental neurosis. Inhibition dominant.

The sanguine and melancholy types seemed most common but all dogs were different.

• The sanguine and melancholy types seemed most common but all dogs were different.

• Pavlov believed the types were genetically determined but he studied the influence of environment, raising dogs in different conditions:

• Total freedom with varied contacts with dogs & humans.
• Isolation in individual cages with little contact.
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