318
Social Science History
68
See, for example, Burke and Lubeck 1987: 647, 650; Green 1982: 82–83; Kazemi
1980a: 88; Liu 1988: 198; Moshiri 1985: 111–12; Parsa 1989: 22–23, 88; Salehi 1988:
139; Snow and Marshall 1984: 138.
69
In a memorandum dated 16 January 1978, the U.S. embassy alleged Mujahidin
involvement in a recent guerrilla attack (Hooglund 1990: doc. 1282).
70
Alireza Mahfoozi, interviewed by Zia Sedghi in Paris, 7 April 1984 (Harvard Oral
History Collection, transcript of tape 1, 8, 16).
71
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, ‘‘Soviet Involvement in the Iranian Crisis,’’ 12 Feb-
ruary 1979: 8–10, Declassified Documents Reference System 1986: doc. 2499.
72
A Khomeini supporter in the Tehran bazaar called the National Front’s statement
a ‘‘laughable’’ and ‘‘inconsequential’’ attempt to associate itself with ongoing plans
for a strike (Dar-barah-yi qiyam 1978, 1:139).
73
Lahidji, Foundation for Iranian Studies Program of Oral History, transcript, 64;
Abdul-Karim Lahidji, interviewed by Zia Sedghi in Paris, 5 March 1984 (Harvard
Oral History Collection, transcript of tape 5, 2–4).
74
Khomeini 1981: 129, 149; Ayatullah Muhammad Huseini Bihishti, discussing his
activities abroad (Pishtazan-i shahadat 1981: 15); several writings of Ayatullah Mur-
taza Mutahhari (quoted in Akhavi 1980: 123–24, 144); a former university student
and religious activist (Respondent 15), interviewed by the author in Istanbul, Turkey,
31 October 1989.
75
For a partial listing of state repression of the religious opposition in the 1970s, see
Kurzman 1994: 67–74.
76
On the religious background of guerrillas and their disillusionment with the clerical
Islamists, see Abrahamian 1989: 149–52 and passim.
77
Statement of October 1976 (Khomeini 1982a: 249).
78
Haj Ebrahim Dardashti, interviewed in Tehran in 1978 by Amir Taheri (1986: 182,
307).
79
Khomeini never specifically referred to the Chinese experience, as far as I know.
80
The number of participants is estimated from the Islamist opposition’s own reports
in Shahidi digar (1977).
81
Ayatullah Mahmud Saduqi, letter to Hujjat al-Islam Abulfazl Musavi, 7 September
1978 (Saduqi 1983: 87).
82
Anonymous student in Qum, December 1977 (Shahidi digar 1977: 256).
83
Speech of Husayn Musavi-Tabrizi, 8 or 9 January 1978 (Shirkhani 1998b: 268).
84
Pakdaman 1986: 63 quotes a resolution in which two points are different from the
version cited here. The resolution is dated 9 January 1978 in Abbasi 1980: 724;
Abrahamian 1978: 6; and Fischer 1980: 194.
85
Shahidi digar (1977: 252); Zamimah-yi Khabar-namah, November–December 1977,
35; SAVAK memoranda of early December 1977 (Inqilab-i islami 1997–99, 1:211–12).
86
Husayn Musavi-Tabrizi, interviewed in Shirkhani 1998b: 170.
87
Sadiqi, interviewed in ibid.: 109.
88
Speech of 22 January 1978 (Davani 1998, 7:48; Khomeini 1982a: 299).
89
Speech of 21 January 1978 (Dar-barah-yi qiyam 1978, 1:23; Khomeini 1982a: 285).
The Qum Protests and the Coming of the Iranian Revolution
319
Khomeini 1991, 2:1–2 dates the speech implausibly on 9 January 1978, the same day
as the casualties in Qum.
90
Several authors suggest that there is a smoking gun document from 1976 or 1977
in which Khomeini instructed his followers in Iran to mobilize against the shah
(Badamchiyan 1995: 144; Moin 1999: 180–81; Taheri 1986: 171, 180–81). However, I
have not been able to locate such a document.
91
This argument relies on the assumption that if Khomeini and his followers had
decided to mobilize in 1975, they would have received the same amount of public
support as in early 1978. There is no way to test this counter-factual scenario, but
I know of no evidence suggesting that Islamists were more popular in January 1978
than in June 1975.
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