Scientific Drilling, No. 11, March 2011
27
Science Reports
Boness, N., and Zoback, M.D., 2004. Stress-induced seismic velocity
anisotropy and physical properties in the SAFOD Pilot Hole
in Parkfield, CA. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31:L15S17,
doi:10.1029/2003GL019020.
Boness, N., and Zoback, M.D., 2006. A multi-scale study of the
mechanisms controlling shear velocity anisotropy in the
San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth. Geophysics,
7(5):F131–F146, doi:10.1190/1.2231107.
Bradbury, K.K., Barton, D.C., Solum, J.G., Draper, S.D., and Evans,
J.P., 2007. Mineralogic and textural analyses of drill cut-
tings from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth
(SAFOD) boreholes: initial interpretations of fault zone
composition and constraints on geologic models. Geosphere,
3(5):299–318, doi:10.1130/GES00076.1.
Chavarria, J., and Goerrtz, A., 2007. The use of VSP techniques for
fault zone characterization: an example from the San
Andreas Fault. The Leading Edge, 26(6):770–776,
doi:10.1190/1.2748495.
Chavarria, J., Malin, P., Catchings, R., and Shalev, E., 2003. A look
inside the San Andreas fault at Parkfield through vertical
seismic profiling. Science, 302(5651):1746, doi:10.1126/
science.1090711.
Chery, J., Zoback, M.D., and Hickman, S., 2004. A mechanical model
of the San Andreas fault and SAFOD pilot hole stress meas-
urements. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(15):L15S13, doi:10.1029/
2004GL019521.
Draper Springer, S.D., Evans, J.P., Garver, J.I., Kirschner, D., and
Janecke, S.U., 2009. Arkosic rocks from the San Andreas
Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Borehole, Central
California: implications for the structure and tectonics of
the San Andreas fault zone. Lithosphere, 1:206–226,
doi:10.1130/L13.1.
Ellsworth, W.L., and Malin, P., in press. Deep rock damage in the San
Andreas Fault revealed by P- and S-type fault zone guided
waves. In Fagereng, A., Toy, V.G., and Rowland, J. (Eds),
Geology of the Earthquake Source: A Volume in Honor of Rick
Sibson: London (Geological Society of London).
Erzinger, J., Wiersberg, T., and Dahms, E., 2004. Real-time mud gas
logging during drilling of the SAFOD pilot hole in Parkfield,
CA. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(15): L15S18, doi:10.1029/
2003GL019395.
Harris, R.A., and Arrowsmith, J.R., 2006. Introduction to the special
issue on the 2004 Parkfield earthquake and the Parkfield
earthquake prediction experiment. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.,
96(4B):S1–S10, doi:10.1785/0120050831.
Hickman, S., 1991. Stress in the lithosphere and the strength of active
faults. In Shea, M.A. (Ed.), U.S. National Report
International Union Geodesy and Geophysics, 1987–1990:
Contributions in Tectonophysics: Washington, DC (American
Geophysical Union), 759–775.
Hickman, S., and Zoback, M.D., 2004. Stress measurements in the
SAFOD pilot hole: implications for the frictional strength of
the San Andreas fault. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31:L15S12.
Hickman, S., Zoback, M.D., and Ellsworth, W., 2004. Introduction to
special issue: preparing for the San Andreas fault observa-
tory at depth. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31:L12S01, doi:10.1029/
2004GL020688.
Imanishi, K., and Ellsworth, W.L., 2006. Source scaling relationships
of microearthquakes at Parkfield, CA, determined using the
SAFOD Pilot Hole seismic array. In Abercrombie, R.,
McGarr, A., Di Toro, G., and Kanamori, H. (Eds.),
Earthquakes: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting,
Geophysical Monograph Series 170: Washington, DC
(American Geophysical Union), 81–90.
Lachenbruch, A.H., and Sass, J.H., 1980. Heat Flow and Energetics of
the San Andreas Fault Zone. J. Geophys. Res.,
85(11):6185–6223.
Lachenbruch, A.H., and J.H. Sass, 1992. Heat flow From Cajon Pass,
fault strength and tectonic implications. J. Geophys. Res.,
97(B4):4995–5015, doi:10.1029/91JB01506.
Lockner, D.A., Morrow, C., Moore, D.E., and Hickman, S., in press.
Low strength of deep San Andreas Fault gouge from SAFOD
core. Nature.
Mavko, G., Mukerjii, T., and Dvorkin, J., 1998. Rock Physics Handbook:
Cambridge, U.K. (Cambridge University Press).
McGarr, A., and Fletcher, J.B., 2010. Laboratory-based maximum slip
rates in earthquake rupture zones and radiated energy.
Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 100(6):3250–3260, doi:10.1785/
0120100043.
McPhee, D.K., Jachens, R.C., and Wentworth, C.M., 2004. Crustal
structure across the San Andreas Fault at the SAFOD site
from potential field and geologic studies. Geophys. Res. Lett.,
31(12):L12S03, doi:10.1029/2003GL019363.
Moore, D.E., and Rymer, M.J., 2007. Talc-bearing serpentinite and
the creeping section of the San Andreas fault. Nature,
448(16):795–797, doi:10.1038/nature06064.
Mount, V.S., and Suppe, J., 1987. State of stress near the San Andreas
fault: implications for wrench tectonics. Geology,
15:1143–1146, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<1143:SOSN
TS>2.0.CO;2.
Murray, J., and Langbein, J., 2006. Slip on the San Andreas fault at
Parkfield, California, over two earthquake cycles, and the
implications for seismic hazard. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.,
96:S283–S303, doi:10.1785/0120050820.
Nadeau, R., and Dolenc, D., 2005. Nonvolcanic tremors deep beneath
the San Andreas fault. Science, 307(5708):389, doi:10.1126/
science.1107142.
Nadeau, R.M., McEvilly, T.V., Michelini, A., Uhrhammer, R.A., and
Dolenc, D., 2004. Detailed kinematics, structure and recur-
rence of micro-seismicity in the SAFOD target region.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 31:L12S08.
Niu, F., Silver, P.G., Daley, T.M., Cheng, X., and Majer, E., 2008.
Preseismic velocity changes observed from active source
monitoring the Parkfield SAFOD drill site. Nature,
454:204–208, doi:10.1038/nature07111.
Oppenheimer, D.H., Reasenberg, P.A., and Simpson, R.W., 1988.
Fault-plane solutions for the 1984 Morgan Hill California
earthquake sequence: evidence for the state of stress on the
Calaveras fault. J. Geophys. Res., 93:9007–9026, doi:10.1029/
JB093iB08p09007.
Oye, V., and Ellsworth, W.L., 2007. Small-scale structures derived
from microearthquake locations using SAFOD and HRSN
data., Eos, Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract
T53C-03.
Paul, P., and Zoback, M.D., 2008. Wellbore-stability study for the
SAFOD borehole through the San Andreas Fault, SPE-
102781-PA, SPE Drilling and Completion, 23(4):394–408,
doi: 10.2118/102781-PA.
Rice, J.R., 1992. Fault stress states, pore pressure distributions, and
the weakness of the San Andreas fault. In Evans, B., and
28
Scientific Drilling, No. 11, March 2011
Science Reports
Wong, T.F. (Eds.), Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties
of Rocks: San Diego, CA (Academic Press), 475–503,
doi:10.1016/S0074-6142(08)62835-1.
Roecker, S., Thurber, C., and McPhee, D., 2004. Joint inversion of
gravity and arrival time data from Parkfield: new con-
straints on structure and hypocenter locations near the
SAFOD drill site. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31:1–4, doi:10.1029/
2003GL019396.
Rymer, M.J., Tinsley, J.C., Treiman, J.A., Arrowsmith, J.R., Clahan,
K.B., Rosinski, A.M., Bryant, W.A., Snyder, H.A., Fuis, G.S.,
Toke, N.A., and Bawden, G.W., 2006. Surface fault slip asso-
ciated with the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake. Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am., 96(B4):S11–S27, doi:10.1785/0120050830.
Saffer, D.M., Bekins, B.A., and Hickman, S., 2003. Topographically
driven groundwater flow and the San Andreas heat flow
paradox revisited. J. Geophys. Res., 108(B5):2274.
Schaff, D., Beroza, G., and Shaw B., 1998. Postseismic response of
repeating aftershocks. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(24):4549–4552,
doi:10.1029/1998GL900192.
Shelly, D.R., and Hardebeck, J.L., 2010. Precise tremor source loca-
tions and amplitude variations along the lower-crustal cen-
tral San Andreas Fault. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37:L14301,
doi:10.1029/2010GL043672.
Solum, J.G., Hickman, S.H., Lockner, D.A., Moore, D.E., van der
Pluijm, B.A., Schleicher, A.M., and Evans, J.P., 2006.
Mineralogic characterization of protolith and fault rocks
from the SAFOD main hole. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33:L21314,
doi:10.1029.2006GL027285.
Thurber, C., Roecker, S., Zhang, H., Baher, S., and Ellsworth, W.L.,
2004. Fine-scale structure of the San Andreas fault zone and
location of the SAFOD target earthquakes. Geophys. Res.
Lett., 31:L12S02, doi:10.1029/2003GL019398.
Thurber, C., Roecker, S., Zhang, H., Bennington, N., and Peterson, D.,
2010. Crustal structure and seismicity around SAFOD:
a ten-year perspective. Eos, Trans. AGU, 91, Fall Meeting
Suppl., Abstract T52B-01.
Unsworth, M., and Bedrosian, P.A., 2004. Electrical resistivity
structure at the SAFOD site from magnetotelluric explora-
tion. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(12):L12S05, doi:10.1029/2003
GL019405.
Waldhauser, F., Ellsworth, W.L., Schaff, D.P., and Cole A.,
2004. Streaks, multiplets, and holes: High-resolution
spatio-temporal behavior of Parkfield seismicity.
Geophys.
Res. Lett., 31:L18608, doi:10.1029/2004GL020649.
Wiersberg, T., and Erzinger, J., 2007. A helium isotope cross-section
study through the San Andreas Fault at seismogenic
depths. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8(1):Q01002,
doi:10.1029/2006GC001388.
Wiersberg, T., and Erzinger, J., 2008. On the origin and spatial distri-
bution of gas at seismogenic depths of the San Andreas
Fault from drill mud gas analysis. Appl. Geochem.,
23:1675–1690, doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.01.012.
Wiersberg, T., and Erzinger, J., 2011. Chemical and isotope composi-
tions of drilling mud gas from the San Andreas Fault
Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) boreholes: Implications on
gas migration and the permeability structure of the San
Andreas Fault, Chem. Geol., doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.
02.016
Williams, C.F., Grubb, F.V., and Galanis, S.P., 2004. Heat flow in the
SAFOD pilot hole and implications for the strength of the
San Andreas fault. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31:L15S14.
Williams, C.F., D’Alessio, M.A., Grubb, F.V., and Galanis, S.P., 2005.
Heat flow studies in the SAFOD main hole. Eos, Trans. AGU,
86(52), Fall Meeting Suppl., Abstract T23E-07.
Wu, J., Hole, J.A., and Snoke, J.A., 2010. Fault zone structure at depth
from differential dispersion of seismic guided waves: evi-
dence for a deep waveguide on the San Andreas Fault.
Geophys. J. Int., 182:343–354.
Zhang, H., Thurber, C., and Bedrosian, P.A., 2009. Joint inversion for
Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs at SAFOD, Parkfield, California.
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10(11):Q11002, doi:10.1029/
2009GC002709.
Zoback, M.D., and Hickman, S.H., 2007. Preliminary results from
SAFOD Phase 3: implications for the state of stress and
shear localization in and near the San Andreas Fault at
depth in central California. Eos, Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall
Meeting Suppl., Abstract T13G-03.
Zoback, M.D., Hickman, S., and Ellsworth, W., 2007. The role of fault
zone drilling. In Kanamori, H., and Schubert, G. (Eds.),
Earthquake Seismology—Treatise on Geophysics Vol. 4:
Amsterdam (Elsevier), 649–674.
Zoback, M.D., Hickman, S., and Ellsworth, W.L., 2010. Scientific drill-
ing into the San Andreas Fault. Eos, Trans. AGU,
91(22):197–204, doi:10.1029/2010EO220001.
Zoback, M.D., Zoback, M.L., Mount, V.S., Suppe, J., Eaton, J.P., Healy,
J.H., Oppenheimer, D., Reasenberg, P., Jones, L., Raleigh,
C.B., Wong, I.G., Scotti O., and Wentworth, C., 1987. New
evidence for the state of stress on the San Andreas fault
system. Science, 238:1105–1111, doi:10.1126/science.238.
4830.1105.
Authors
Mark Zoback, Department of Geophysics, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA 94305-2215, U.S.A., e-mail:
zoback@stanford.edu.
Stephen Hickman and William Ellsworth, U.S. Geological
Survery, 345 Middlefield Road MS 977, Menlo Park, CA
94025-3591, U.S.A.
and the SAFOD Science Team
Figure Credits
Fig. 1: air photo courtesy of M. Rymer