Azərbaycan respublikasi elm və TƏHSİl naziRLİYİ

2.3.Exceptions and limitation: public domain and open data regime

The public domain and open data regime allows for the free use and dissemination of certain types of information without restriction. However, there are some exceptions and limitations to this regime that are worth noting.
Privacy concerns: While some types of data may be in the public domain, there are certain types of personal information that must be kept confidential in order to protect an individual's privacy. Examples of this include medical records, financial records, and other sensitive information.
Intellectual property rights: Some types of data may be subject to intellectual property rights, such as copyright, patents, or trademarks. In these cases, the use and dissemination of the data may be limited by the owner of the intellectual property rights.
National security concerns: Certain types of data may be classified as national security information and may be subject to restrictions on their use and dissemination in order to protect national security interests.
Third-party rights: While data may be in the public domain, it may still be subject to third-party rights, such as confidentiality agreements or non-disclosure agreements. In these cases, the use and dissemination of the data may be limited by these agreements.
Public interest: Even if data is in the public domain, there may still be limitations on its use and dissemination if it is not in the public interest to do so. For example, releasing sensitive information about a vulnerable population may cause harm and is not in the public interest.
Data quality and accuracy: While data may be in the public domain, it may not always be accurate or of high quality. This can limit its usefulness and applicability in certain contexts.
Data exclusions: Some types of data may be excluded from the public domain and open data regime due to their sensitive nature or potential harm to certain individuals or groups. For example, some countries may restrict access to data on religious or ethnic minorities in order to prevent discrimination or persecution.
Data access and availability: Even if data is technically in the public domain, it may not be easily accessible to all users. For example, data may be stored in a format that is difficult to access or require specialized technical skills to analyze.
Data usage restrictions: Some types of data may come with restrictions on how it can be used or disseminated, such as requiring attribution to the original source or prohibiting commercial use. These restrictions can limit the utility and applicability of the data in certain contexts.
Cultural and ethical considerations: Finally, there may be cultural and ethical considerations that limit the use and dissemination of certain types of data. For example, indigenous communities may have restrictions on sharing traditional knowledge or sacred cultural practices.
When a work is in the public domain, it means that the intellectual property rights associated with that work have expired, been forfeited, or are no longer enforceable. This typically occurs when the copyright term expires or when the work is explicitly dedicated to the public domain by its creator.⁷¹
However, it's important to note that the concept of public domain can vary depending on the jurisdiction. Different countries have different laws regarding copyright and intellectual property, so what is considered public domain in one country may not be the case in another.
In general, once a work enters the public domain, it can be freely used, copied, modified, and distributed by anyone without seeking permission from the original creator or infringing any intellectual property rights. This means that anyone can use public domain works for various purposes, including commercial use, without the need for a license.⁷²
Some examples of public domain works include classical literature, ancient artworks, historical documents, and certain government publications. However, determining whether a specific work is in the public domain can sometimes be complex, especially if there are multiple authors, varying copyright laws, or specific circumstances surrounding the creation and publication of the work.⁷³
An open data regime refers to a set of policies and practices that promote the availability, accessibility, and unrestricted use of government data and certain other types of data. It aims to make data more transparent, usable, and beneficial for both the public and private sectors.
In the context of intellectual property, an open data regime often involves the release of certain datasets or information without imposing restrictive intellectual property rights. The goal is to encourage the widespread use, sharing, and innovation that can arise from freely available data.
Under an open data regime, government agencies or other data providers may choose to release data sets that are in the public domain or use open licenses that allow for broad use and redistribution. This means that the data can be accessed, reused, and repurposed by individuals, organizations, and businesses without the need for explicit permission or licensing agreements.⁷⁴
By adopting an open data regime, governments and organizations aim to foster innovation, economic growth, and public participation. It allows developers, researchers, and entrepreneurs to build new applications, conduct analyses, and create value-added products and services based on the available data.⁷⁵
It's worth noting that while an open data regime encourages the free use of data, it doesn't necessarily mean that all intellectual property is waived. For example, specific elements within a dataset, such as copyrighted images or trademarks, may still be protected by intellectual property laws. Therefore, it's important to carefully review the terms and conditions associated with each dataset to understand any restrictions or limitations.
Overall, an open data regime promotes the sharing and dissemination of information for the public good, while still respecting any applicable intellectual property rights and ensuring compliance with relevant laws and regulations.⁷⁶
In an open data regime, there are several key principles and considerations that are typically addressed to ensure the effective implementation and management of open data initiatives. Here are some important aspects:

1. 
   Licensing: Open data regimes often involve the use of open licenses, such as Creative Commons licenses, that provide clear permissions and conditions for the use, distribution, and modification of the data. These licenses can vary in their terms, but they generally aim to promote openness and flexibility while respecting any applicable intellectual property rights.
   
2. 
   Metadata and documentation: To maximize the usability and understanding of the data, open data initiatives emphasize the importance of providing comprehensive metadata and documentation. This includes information about the data's source, methodology, quality, and any relevant contextual details. Clear documentation helps users interpret and analyze the data effectively.⁷⁷
   
3. 
   Data formats and accessibility: Open data should be provided in formats that are easily accessible, interoperable, and machine-readable. Common formats include CSV, JSON, XML, and others that allow for easy processing and integration with various applications and systems. Accessibility considerations should also be taken into account to ensure that the data is available to individuals with disabilities.
   
4. 
   Privacy and security: While promoting openness, open data regimes also prioritize privacy protection and data security. Sensitive or personally identifiable information should be appropriately anonymized or aggregated to prevent the identification of individuals. Adequate measures must be implemented to safeguard the data from unauthorized access, breaches, or misuse.⁷⁸
   
5. 
   Data quality and integrity: Open data initiatives strive to maintain high standards of data quality and integrity. This involves ensuring that the data is accurate, up-to-date, and reliable. Regular quality assessments, validation processes, and feedback mechanisms can help identify and rectify any issues that arise.⁷⁹
   
6. 
   Collaboration and engagement: Open data regimes often emphasize collaboration and engagement with various stakeholders. This includes involving the public, researchers, developers, and businesses in the data ecosystem, seeking feedback, and encouraging the co-creation of solutions and applications that leverage the available data.
   
7. 
   Continuous improvement and evaluation: Open data initiatives should be subject to ongoing evaluation and improvement. Regular assessment of the impact, usage, and effectiveness of the data can help identify areas for enhancement and inform future decision-making and resource allocation.⁸⁰
   

These principles and considerations help guide the implementation and management of open data regimes, enabling the benefits of increased transparency, innovation, and societal value to be realized while respecting intellectual property rights and other legal obligations.
Introduction: In an era where data plays a crucial role in driving innovation, informed decision-making, and societal progress, open data regimes have emerged as a powerful mechanism for promoting transparency, collaboration, and unrestricted access to valuable information. An open data regime refers to a set of policies and practices that facilitate the availability, accessibility, and use of data without imposing restrictive intellectual property rights. This essay explores the benefits and principles that underpin an open data regime, highlighting its potential to foster innovation, economic growth, and public participation.⁸¹

1. 
   Enhanced Innovation and Economic Growth: Open data regimes unleash the power of data as a catalyst for innovation. By making datasets freely available and encouraging their reuse, organizations, developers, and entrepreneurs can build upon existing information to create new applications, tools, and services. This leads to enhanced innovation ecosystems, where startups, researchers, and individuals can leverage data to develop cutting-edge technologies and address pressing societal challenges. Moreover, open data facilitates economic growth by fostering entrepreneurship, attracting investment, and enabling data-driven decision-making across various sectors.⁸²
   
2. 
   Transparent Governance and Public Participation: Open data regimes promote transparency in governance by providing citizens with access to valuable information. By releasing datasets related to government activities, budgets, and public services, governments enable citizens to hold them accountable and participate actively in the decision-making process. Open data empowers individuals and civil society organizations to analyze public information, identify patterns, and engage in evidence-based advocacy. This transparency strengthens democratic processes and helps build trust between governments and the public.⁸³
   
3. 
   Collaboration and Co-creation: An essential principle of open data regimes is collaboration and engagement with stakeholders. By involving the public, researchers, and businesses in the data ecosystem, open data initiatives benefit from diverse perspectives and expertise. This collaborative approach encourages co-creation, where multiple actors contribute to the development of innovative solutions and applications that leverage open data. Public-private partnerships flourish, fostering a culture of collaboration, knowledge sharing, and collective problem-solving.
   
4. 
   Accessibility and Usability: Open data regimes emphasize the importance of accessibility and usability of data. Data must be provided in formats that are easily accessible, interoperable, and machine-readable. This allows developers and researchers to process and integrate the data into their applications and analyses seamlessly. Additionally, comprehensive metadata and documentation accompanying the data enhance its usability, enabling users to understand its source, quality, and limitations. By prioritizing accessibility, open data regimes promote inclusivity and ensure that data-driven insights are available to a wide range of users.⁸⁴
   
5. 
   Privacy Protection and Data Security: While openness is a core tenet of open data regimes, privacy protection and data security are paramount. Sensitive or personally identifiable information should be appropriately anonymized or aggregated to prevent the identification of individuals. Robust security measures must be implemented to safeguard the data from unauthorized access, breaches, or misuse. Balancing openness with privacy and security ensures that data can be leveraged for societal benefits while preserving individuals' rights and maintaining public trust.⁸⁵
   
6. 
   Continuous Improvement and Evaluation: Open data regimes are characterized by a commitment to continuous improvement and evaluation. Regular assessment of the impact, usage, and effectiveness of open data initiatives helps identify areas for enhancement and informs future decision-making and resource allocation. By actively seeking feedback from users and stakeholders, open data regimes can evolve to meet evolving needs, address challenges, and optimize the value derived from the data.
   

Embracing an open data regime offers numerous benefits for society, including enhanced innovation, transparent governance, and increased public participation. By adhering to principles such as accessibility, collaboration, and privacy protection, open data regimes create opportunities for stakeholders to leverage data for social, economic, and technological advancement. As we move forward, it is essential to continue advocating for open data initiatives and promoting the responsible and ethical use of data, ultimately realizing the full potential of an open and data-driven society.⁸⁶
As we move forward, it is essential to continue advocating for open data initiatives and promoting the responsible and ethical use of data. Governments, organizations, and individuals must work collaboratively to establish robust frameworks that support the principles of openness, transparency, and inclusivity. This involves creating policies that facilitate the release of data, adopting open licenses that allow for unrestricted use, and investing in the necessary infrastructure and resources to ensure data accessibility and quality.⁸⁷
Furthermore, continuous evaluation and improvement are critical components of an open data regime. Ongoing assessment of the impact and effectiveness of open data initiatives helps identify areas for refinement, address challenges, and seize opportunities for innovation. By actively engaging with users and stakeholders, open data regimes can evolve and adapt to changing societal needs, ensuring that data-driven insights contribute positively to various domains, including governance, healthcare, education, and environmental sustainability.⁸⁸
Open data regime holds immense potential for fostering innovation, driving economic growth, and promoting democratic participation. By embracing the principles of accessibility, collaboration, privacy protection, and continuous improvement, we can unlock the transformative power of data and build a more transparent, inclusive, and prosperous society. Open data is not just about the availability of information; it is about empowering individuals, driving meaningful change, and harnessing the collective intelligence of a data-driven world. Let us seize this opportunity and embrace the open data revolution for the betterment of all.
The establishment of an open data regime marks a significant step towards harnessing the vast potential of data for the benefit of society. By removing barriers to access and encouraging collaboration, open data initiatives stimulate innovation, empower individuals, and foster transparency in governance. However, to fully realize the transformative impact of an open data regime, several challenges must be addressed.⁸⁹
Privacy and security concerns remain at the forefront. Striking the right balance between openness and protecting sensitive information is crucial. Robust safeguards and anonymization techniques must be employed to ensure the responsible handling of personal data, instilling public trust and confidence in the open data ecosystem.⁹⁰
Furthermore, efforts should be made to bridge the digital divide and ensure equitable access to open data. Adequate infrastructure, internet connectivity, and digital literacy programs must be in place to enable widespread participation and benefit all segments of society.
Education and awareness play pivotal roles in maximizing the benefits of open data. Capacity-building programs that train individuals and organizations on data literacy, analysis techniques, and ethical considerations are essential for effectively utilizing open data resources. Promoting data literacy empowers citizens to critically analyze information, make informed decisions, and contribute meaningfully to public discourse.⁹¹
Collaboration between governments, private enterprises, civil society organizations, and academia is crucial in building and maintaining an open data regime. Partnerships foster the sharing of expertise, resources, and best practices, enabling the creation of innovative solutions that leverage open data to address societal challenges.⁹²
An open data regime holds immense potential for driving societal progress, innovation, and inclusive development. By embracing the principles of accessibility, collaboration, privacy protection, and continuous improvement, we can unlock the full value of data and create a more transparent, empowered, and prosperous future for all. It is through the collective efforts of individuals, organizations, and policymakers that we can navigate the complexities of open data, ensuring its responsible and transformative use for the betterment of society. Let us continue to champion the cause of open data, fostering a culture of openness, collaboration, and data-driven decision-making that paves the way for a brighter future.⁹³
While the public domain and open data regimes aim to promote the availability and unrestricted use of information, there are certain exceptions and limitations to consider. These exceptions ensure that intellectual property rights and other legal considerations are respected. Here are some important exceptions and limitations within the context of public domain and open data regimes:⁹⁴

1. 
   Third-party intellectual property rights: Even if a work is in the public domain, it does not mean that all components of that work are free from intellectual property protection. If a public domain work contains copyrighted elements, such as images, text excerpts, or audiovisual content, those specific elements may still be protected by copyright. Users should be mindful of any third-party intellectual property rights that may apply to specific parts of a work in the public domain.
   
2. 
   Database rights and sui generis rights: In some jurisdictions, databases may be protected by specific rights that go beyond copyright. These rights, often referred to as database rights or sui generis rights, grant certain exclusive rights to the creators or compilers of databases, even if the individual elements within the database are in the public domain. The scope and duration of these rights vary depending on the legal framework of each jurisdiction.⁹⁵
   
3. 
   Personal data and privacy: Open data initiatives should be mindful of personal data protection laws and privacy rights. While anonymization and aggregation techniques are commonly employed to protect personal privacy, there may still be instances where open data sets contain sensitive or personally identifiable information. Compliance with applicable privacy laws, such as obtaining consent or anonymizing data properly, is crucial to ensure the responsible use and release of open data.
   
4. 
   National security and confidential information: Certain types of information, such as classified government documents or sensitive commercial data, may be exempted from open data initiatives due to national security concerns or contractual obligations. Governments and organizations need to strike a balance between openness and safeguarding sensitive information that could potentially harm national security or violate confidentiality agreements.⁹⁶
   
5. 
   Fair use and fair dealing: Open data regimes should consider the principles of fair use (in the United States) or fair dealing (in other jurisdictions) when it comes to copyright-protected works that are included in open data sets. Fair use/fair dealing allows for the limited and reasonable use of copyrighted material without permission from the rights holder for purposes such as criticism, commentary, research, or education. These exceptions help balance intellectual property rights with the public's interest in accessing and utilizing open data.⁹⁷
   
6. 
   Open licenses and terms of use: Open data sets are often accompanied by specific licenses or terms of use that outline the conditions under which the data can be used, modified, and redistributed. These licenses, such as Creative Commons licenses, provide a legal framework for sharing and using open data while ensuring compliance with the specified requirements. Users of open data should review and adhere to the terms and conditions of the specific license or terms of use associated with the dataset.
   

It is essential for users and organizations to understand and respect these exceptions and limitations to avoid infringing upon intellectual property rights, privacy rights, or other legal obligations. By navigating these exceptions carefully, the public domain and open data regimes can operate effectively, promoting the free flow of information while safeguarding legal rights and societal interests.⁹⁸

7. 
   Commercial use restrictions: While open data regimes generally encourage the use of data for commercial purposes, there may be instances where specific datasets have restrictions on commercial use. Some open data initiatives or datasets may require users to obtain additional licenses or permissions if they intend to use the data for commercial gain. It is important to review the terms and conditions associated with each dataset to understand any commercial use restrictions that may apply.⁹⁹
   
8. 
   Attribution requirements: Many open data licenses, such as Creative Commons licenses, require attribution to the original source or creator of the data. Users are typically required to provide proper credit and acknowledgment when using and distributing open data. Adhering to attribution requirements helps maintain transparency, give credit to data providers, and ensure the accuracy and integrity of the information.¹⁰⁰
   
9. 
   Accuracy and liability limitations: Open data regimes often disclaim liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the data provided. While efforts are made to ensure data quality, errors or inaccuracies may still exist. Users of open data should be aware that they are responsible for independently verifying the information and should not rely solely on the data without conducting their own due diligence.
   
10. 
    Cultural and indigenous rights: Open data initiatives should be sensitive to cultural and indigenous rights, particularly when it comes to traditional knowledge, cultural expressions, or sacred information. Special considerations and protocols may need to be established to respect and protect the rights and interests of indigenous communities or cultural heritage organizations.¹⁰¹
    

Some datasets may contain personal or sensitive information subject to data protection regulations. Open data regimes should comply with relevant laws and regulations governing the collection, storage, and use of such data. Additionally, retention periods may apply, specifying the duration for which certain data can be retained or made available.
Open data regimes must navigate jurisdictional issues, especially when data is shared internationally or involves cross-border transfers. Complying with local laws and regulations regarding data sovereignty, data localization, and cross-border data transfers is crucial to ensure legal compliance and respect for national regulations.¹⁰²
By considering these exceptions and limitations, open data regimes can strike a balance between openness and the protection of intellectual property, privacy, security, and other legal considerations. Adhering to these principles and addressing the complexities inherent in open data fosters a responsible and ethical approach to data sharing, encouraging the long-term sustainability and effectiveness of open data initiatives.¹⁰³
Public domain and open data regimes have revolutionized the availability and accessibility of information, empowering individuals, organizations, and governments to leverage data for innovation, transparency, and societal progress. However, it is crucial to recognize that exceptions and limitations exist within these frameworks to protect intellectual property rights, privacy, security, and other legal considerations. This essay explores the key exceptions and limitations that need to be navigated within public domain and open data regimes, highlighting the importance of striking a balance between openness and legal compliance.¹⁰⁴

1. 
   Third-Party Intellectual Property Rights: Even though a work may enter the public domain, it may still contain elements protected by third-party intellectual property rights. These could include copyrighted images, text excerpts, or audiovisual content. Users must exercise caution to ensure that they do not infringe upon these rights when utilizing public domain works or open data sets. Proper attribution and obtaining separate permissions, if necessary, are essential to respect the rights of third-party content creators.
   
2. 
   Database Rights and Sui Generis Rights: In some jurisdictions, databases can be protected by database rights or sui generis rights, which extend beyond traditional copyright protection. These rights grant exclusive rights to the creators or compilers of databases, even if individual elements within the database are in the public domain. Understanding the legal framework of each jurisdiction is essential to determine the scope and duration of these rights.¹⁰⁵
   
3. 
   Privacy and Personal Data Protection: Open data initiatives should adhere to data protection laws and privacy regulations. While open data sets aim to provide transparency, personal data or sensitive information within these sets must be appropriately anonymized or aggregated to protect individual privacy. Complying with applicable privacy laws, obtaining consent, and implementing robust security measures are essential to safeguard personal data.¹⁰⁶
   
4. 
   National Security and Confidential Information: Certain types of information, such as classified government documents or sensitive commercial data, may be exempt from open data initiatives due to national security concerns or contractual obligations. Governments and organizations must carefully balance openness with the need to protect sensitive information that could potentially compromise national security or violate confidentiality agreements.
   
5. 
   Fair Use and Fair Dealing: Open data sets may include copyrighted works that are subject to fair use (in the United States) or fair dealing (in other jurisdictions) exceptions. These exceptions allow for limited and reasonable use of copyrighted material without seeking permission from the rights holder. Users must ensure their use of copyrighted works within open data sets falls within the boundaries of fair use or fair dealing, typically for purposes such as criticism, commentary, research, or education.¹⁰⁷
   
6. 
   Open Licenses and Terms of Use: Open data sets often come with specific licenses or terms of use that outline the conditions for their usage, modification, and redistribution. These licenses, such as Creative Commons licenses, provide a legal framework for sharing and using open data while maintaining compliance with the specified requirements. Users should carefully review and adhere to the terms and conditions associated with each data set to ensure lawful and responsible use.¹⁰⁸
   

Public domain and open data regimes have ushered in a new era of information accessibility and collaboration. However, it is crucial to navigate the exceptions and limitations within these frameworks to protect intellectual property rights, privacy, security, and other legal considerations. By striking a balance between openness and legal compliance, public domain and open data initiatives can foster innovation, transparency, and responsible data utilization. Governments, organizations, and individuals must continue to navigate these complexities, promoting ethical and inclusive practices that ensure the long-term sustainability and effectiveness of public domain and open data regimes. By doing so, we can harness the full potential of data for the betterment of society.¹⁰⁹
Azerbaijan, like many other countries, has been embracing the process of digitization in the field of cultural heritage. Let's compare Azerbaijan's experience with digitization efforts around the world and explore some common problems faced in this domain.

1. 
   Digital Infrastructure: Azerbaijan has been investing in digital infrastructure to support the digitization of cultural heritage. This includes the development of high-speed internet connectivity, the establishment of data centers, and the implementation of digital preservation systems. While progress has been made, Azerbaijan can continue to enhance its infrastructure to ensure seamless access and storage of digitized cultural artifacts.¹¹⁰
   
2. 
   Digitization Initiatives: Azerbaijan has undertaken various digitization initiatives to preserve and showcase its cultural heritage. For example, the Azerbaijan National Library has digitized numerous manuscripts and rare books, making them accessible online. Additionally, museums and cultural institutions have collaborated to digitize artworks and historical artifacts. Such efforts align with global trends where many countries are digitizing their cultural heritage to improve access and preservation.¹¹¹
   
3. 
   Preservation Challenges: Preserving cultural heritage through digitization presents several challenges. One common issue is the delicate nature of physical artifacts. Proper handling, scanning, and storage techniques must be employed to ensure the integrity of the digital copies while minimizing damage to the original items. Azerbaijan, like other countries, faces the challenge of striking a balance between preserving physical artifacts and creating high-quality digital replicas.¹¹²
   
4. 
   Copyright and Intellectual Property: Digitization often involves reproducing copyrighted materials or works with intellectual property rights. Clear guidelines and legal frameworks are necessary to address copyright issues while ensuring the dissemination of cultural heritage. Azerbaijan, like many other countries, must navigate this complex landscape to avoid infringements and secure necessary permissions for digitization projects.¹¹³
   
5. 
   Metadata and Standardization: Organizing and cataloging digitized cultural heritage require well-defined metadata standards. Standardization ensures interoperability and ease of access for researchers, scholars, and the public. Azerbaijan, in line with international practices, should establish comprehensive metadata standards and adopt widely accepted frameworks for describing and organizing digitized cultural assets.
   

While digitization increases access to cultural heritage, ensuring inclusive accessibility remains a challenge. Not all individuals have equal digital literacy or access to technology. Azerbaijan, along with other countries, should address the digital divide by providing training, resources, and inclusive platforms to reach a wider audience and ensure that digitized cultural heritage is accessible to all.¹¹⁴
Digitization projects require long-term planning and maintenance to ensure the sustainability of digital collections. Preservation, regular updates, and ongoing funding are crucial to prevent the loss of digitized cultural heritage. Azerbaijan should establish strategies and secure financial support to sustain its digitization efforts and continually improve access to cultural assets.
Azerbaijan's experience in digitizing cultural heritage aligns with global trends and efforts. While progress has been made, challenges such as infrastructure development, preservation techniques, copyright issues, standardization, accessibility, and long-term sustainability persist. By addressing these challenges and learning from international experiences, Azerbaijan can enhance its digitization efforts and contribute to the preservation and promotion of its rich cultural heritage.¹¹⁵
The digitization of cultural heritage in Azerbaijan has gained significant momentum in recent years. The National Library of Azerbaijan has undertaken extensive digitization projects to preserve and provide online access to its rich collection of manuscripts, rare books, photographs, and newspapers. The library's digital repository, known as the "Virtual Karabakh Library," hosts thousands of digitized items, including historical documents and literary works.
The Azerbaijan National Museum of History has embarked on digitization initiatives to make its vast collection accessible to a wider audience. This includes the digitization of artifacts, such as archaeological finds, ethnographic materials, and artworks. The museum's website offers virtual exhibitions, allowing visitors to explore the collection remotely.¹¹⁶
Azerbaijan's Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has been digitally documented and preserved. The ancient petroglyphs, dating back thousands of years, have been photographed and cataloged to create a comprehensive digital archive. This initiative ensures the long-term preservation and accessibility of these important cultural artifacts.
The Baku Museum Center, comprising several museums and cultural institutions, has been actively engaged in digitizing their collections. For instance, the Azerbaijan Carpet Museum has digitized its extensive collection of traditional Azerbaijani carpets, making them available for virtual exploration. Similarly, the Museum of Modern Art has digitized contemporary artworks for online viewing.¹¹⁷
Azerbaijan has also embraced the concept of virtual museums, allowing visitors to experience cultural heritage from the comfort of their homes. The State Museum of Azerbaijan Musical Culture offers virtual exhibitions showcasing traditional musical instruments, costumes, and performances. These virtual experiences aim to engage a global audience and promote Azerbaijani culture.¹¹⁸
Apart from specific institutions, Azerbaijan has established digital archives and libraries to aggregate and preserve cultural heritage materials. The Azerbaijan Digital Library contains digitized books, journals, and other literary works, providing a digital platform for researchers and readers. The Azerbaijan State News Agency (AZERTAC) also maintains a digital archive, preserving historical news articles and photographs.
These initiatives demonstrate Azerbaijan's commitment to digitizing and preserving its cultural heritage. By leveraging technology and digital platforms, Azerbaijan aims to increase accessibility, promote cultural understanding, and safeguard its rich history for future generations.¹¹⁹
The Azerbaijan Carpet Museum has taken the concept of virtual museums further by launching a dedicated virtual museum platform. This immersive digital experience allows visitors to explore the museum's extensive collection of Azerbaijani carpets and related artifacts. Users can navigate through virtual galleries, zoom in on intricate carpet details, and access accompanying information about each piece.¹²⁰
The State Agency for Public Service and Social Innovations under the President of Azerbaijan has developed a Cultural Heritage Portal. This online platform serves as a centralized database for digitized cultural heritage materials from various institutions across the country. The portal provides access to digital collections, including manuscripts, photographs, artworks, and archaeological artifacts, enabling users to explore Azerbaijan's cultural heritage in one place.
Azerbaijan has embraced virtual tours and exhibitions to promote its cultural heritage to a global audience. Institutions like the Azerbaijan National Museum of Art and the Heydar Aliyev Center have created virtual tours that allow visitors to virtually walk through their galleries and explore artworks and exhibitions. These interactive experiences provide an immersive way to engage with Azerbaijan's art and culture.¹²¹
Beyond digitizing physical artifacts, Azerbaijan has recognized the importance of capturing intangible cultural heritage. Efforts have been made to document and preserve traditional knowledge, customs, music, and oral traditions through audio and video recordings. This digital documentation ensures the transmission and safeguarding of Azerbaijan's intangible cultural heritage for future generations.
Azerbaijan actively collaborates with international organizations to enhance its digitization efforts. For instance, the country has worked with UNESCO to develop strategies for digitizing and preserving cultural heritage. These partnerships provide opportunities for knowledge sharing, capacity building, and accessing best practices in the field of digitization.
Azerbaijan has integrated digitized cultural heritage materials into educational initiatives. Digital resources are used in schools and universities to enhance learning experiences and promote cultural understanding. Students can access digitized manuscripts, artworks, and historical documents, allowing for interactive and immersive study of Azerbaijan's cultural heritage.¹²²
These ongoing developments demonstrate Azerbaijan's commitment to digitizing and preserving its diverse cultural heritage. By embracing technology and collaboration, Azerbaijan aims to increase awareness, accessibility, and appreciation of its rich cultural legacy both within the country and on the global stage.¹²³
Azerbaijan has developed mobile applications that provide access to digitized cultural heritage materials. These apps allow users to explore museums, galleries, and historical sites virtually. For example, the "iMuseum Azerbaijan" app offers a comprehensive virtual tour of the Azerbaijan National Museum of History, providing users with detailed information about exhibited artifacts.
Azerbaijan has started exploring 3D digitization techniques and virtual reality (VR) to enhance the digitization of cultural heritage. By capturing 3D models of artifacts and architectural structures, immersive VR experiences can be created, enabling users to virtually interact with objects and explore historical sites. This approach adds a new dimension to the preservation and presentation of cultural heritage.¹²⁴
Azerbaijan has recognized the value of oral history in preserving cultural heritage. Efforts have been made to create digital archives of oral history, capturing personal narratives, stories, and memories from different regions and communities within the country. These archives not only document individual experiences but also contribute to a comprehensive understanding of Azerbaijan's diverse cultural tapestry.
Azerbaijan has integrated digitized cultural heritage into its tourism sector. Online platforms and mobile applications provide tourists with information about historical sites, landmarks, and cultural attractions. Digitized artifacts, virtual tours, and interactive maps enhance the visitor experience and promote cultural tourism, showcasing the richness and diversity of Azerbaijan's heritage.¹²⁵
To encourage public participation, Azerbaijan has initiated crowdsourcing projects related to digitization efforts. Citizen scientists and volunteers are invited to contribute by transcribing, translating, and cataloging digitized materials. This collaborative approach not only accelerates the digitization process but also fosters a sense of ownership and engagement among the public.
Azerbaijan recognizes the importance of data preservation and backup in safeguarding digitized cultural heritage. Robust systems and protocols are in place to ensure the long-term storage and accessibility of digital collections. Regular backups, redundancy measures, and adherence to international preservation standards help mitigate the risk of data loss and ensure the preservation of digitized assets.¹²⁶
These various initiatives and developments highlight Azerbaijan's commitment to digitizing its cultural heritage, leveraging technological advancements to preserve, promote, and make accessible its diverse range of cultural artifacts and traditions. Through these efforts, Azerbaijan aims to not only preserve its heritage but also foster cultural appreciation, research, and innovation.¹²⁷
Azerbaijan actively engages in digital collaboration and partnerships with international organizations, cultural institutions, and researchers. These collaborations facilitate knowledge exchange, technological expertise, and access to funding opportunities. By leveraging these partnerships, Azerbaijan can enhance its digitization efforts and benefit from global best practices in preserving and promoting cultural heritage.
Azerbaijan has begun exploring augmented reality (AR) as a tool for enhancing the visitor experience and engagement with cultural heritage. By overlaying digital information, such as 3D models, videos, or historical context, onto real-world environments, AR experiences bring historical sites and artifacts to life. This interactive approach provides a unique and immersive way to connect with Azerbaijan's cultural heritage.¹²⁸
Azerbaijan has established initiatives specifically focused on the digital preservation of cultural heritage. For example, the "AzDigitize" project aims to digitize and preserve cultural assets, including manuscripts, photographs, and audiovisual materials, by applying specialized digitization techniques and ensuring the long-term sustainability of the digital collections.
Azerbaijan recognizes the importance of providing digital access to cultural heritage for researchers, scholars, and academics. Digital repositories and online databases offer researchers the opportunity to study and analyze digitized materials, contributing to the advancement of knowledge and understanding in various fields, including history, archaeology, linguistics, and cultural studies.¹²⁹
To promote inclusivity and reach a broader audience, Azerbaijan emphasizes multilingual and multicultural representation in its digitization efforts. Metadata, descriptions, and accompanying information for digitized cultural artifacts are provided in multiple languages, allowing individuals from different cultural backgrounds to engage with and appreciate Azerbaijan's heritage.¹³⁰
Azerbaijan utilizes social media platforms and online engagement strategies to promote digitized cultural heritage. Museums, libraries, and cultural institutions actively share digitized artifacts, behind-the-scenes content, and educational resources on platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. This approach helps raise awareness, engage the public, and foster a sense of cultural pride among Azerbaijanis and international audiences.
Azerbaijan's digitization efforts are ongoing and evolving. Institutions continue to digitize new materials, expand existing collections, and embrace emerging technologies to enhance the preservation and accessibility of cultural heritage. This commitment to continuous digitization ensures that Azerbaijan's rich cultural heritage remains documented, protected, and accessible for future generations.¹³¹
These examples and developments demonstrate Azerbaijan's dedication to the digitization of its cultural heritage. Through a combination of technological advancements, collaboration, and innovative approaches, Azerbaijan strives to preserve its diverse cultural legacy, foster cultural appreciation, and share its heritage with the world.
When comparing Azerbaijan's experience with digitization efforts in cultural heritage to the world, there are both similarities and differences to consider:

1. 
   Embracing Digitization: Azerbaijan, like many countries worldwide, has recognized the importance of digitizing cultural heritage to preserve and promote its rich history. This aligns with global trends where countries across different regions have prioritized digitization efforts to safeguard their cultural assets.¹³²
   
2. 
   Digitization Initiatives: Azerbaijan has undertaken various digitization initiatives, such as digitizing manuscripts, rare books, artworks, and archaeological artifacts. Similarly, countries around the world have launched similar projects, ranging from digitizing museum collections to preserving intangible cultural heritage through digital documentation.¹³³
   
3. 
   Technological Advancements: Both Azerbaijan and the world have benefitted from technological advancements that facilitate the digitization of cultural heritage. High-resolution imaging, 3D scanning, augmented reality, and virtual reality technologies have become increasingly accessible and are being utilized globally to enhance the preservation and presentation of cultural assets.
   
4. 
   Collaboration and Partnerships: Azerbaijan, like many countries, actively engages in collaborations and partnerships with international organizations, cultural institutions, and researchers. This collaborative approach allows for knowledge sharing, technological expertise, and funding opportunities, which is a common practice globally to enhance digitization efforts and access global best practices.¹³⁴
   
5. 
   Preservation Challenges: Preserving cultural heritage through digitization presents challenges worldwide, including Azerbaijan. Delicate handling of physical artifacts, copyright issues, standardization of metadata, and ensuring long-term sustainability are common challenges faced globally. These challenges require careful consideration and the adoption of best practices to overcome them effectively.¹³⁵
   
6. 
   Access and Outreach: Ensuring accessibility and outreach to digitized cultural heritage is a shared concern globally. Countries, including Azerbaijan, strive to provide inclusive access to digitized materials by addressing the digital divide, enhancing digital literacy, and developing user-friendly platforms. The goal is to make cultural heritage accessible to a diverse audience, both within the country and internationally.¹³⁶
   
7. 
   Cultural Tourism and Education: Azerbaijan, like many other countries, recognizes the potential of digitized cultural heritage in promoting cultural tourism and enhancing educational experiences. Virtual tours, mobile applications, and online educational resources are increasingly utilized globally to engage visitors, students, and researchers with cultural heritage in innovative ways.
   

While there are similarities in Azerbaijan's digitization efforts with global experiences, it's important to note that each country's context, resources, and priorities may vary. The specific collections, technologies, funding availability, and cultural contexts shape the approaches and outcomes of digitization initiatives. By learning from global experiences, Azerbaijan can further enhance its digitization efforts and contribute to the global discourse on preserving and promoting cultural heritage through digital means.¹³⁷
Azerbaijan's progress in developing digital infrastructure, including high-speed internet connectivity and data centers, is comparable to many developed countries. However, the level of infrastructure and connectivity can vary across different regions of the world. Countries with advanced digital infrastructure may have an advantage in implementing large-scale digitization projects and ensuring seamless access to digitized cultural heritage.
The availability of funding and resources can significantly impact the scale and pace of digitization efforts. Azerbaijan, like many countries, faces resource limitations, and the allocation of funds for digitization projects may vary. Some countries may have more financial resources dedicated to cultural heritage preservation, allowing for extensive digitization initiatives, while others may need to prioritize based on available resources.¹³⁸
Legal and ethical considerations play a crucial role in digitization efforts. Intellectual property rights, copyright laws, and ethical guidelines for handling sensitive cultural materials are relevant globally. Each country, including Azerbaijan, must navigate these legal and ethical complexities, ensuring compliance and safeguarding the rights and interests of cultural heritage stakeholders.¹³⁹
The adoption of international standards and best practices in digitization is essential to ensure interoperability and facilitate global collaboration. Azerbaijan, like other countries, can benefit from aligning its digitization efforts with established standards and guidelines, such as those recommended by international organizations like UNESCO, to enhance compatibility and maximize the potential for global collaboration and exchange of digital cultural heritage.
Azerbaijan's cultural heritage is unique and diverse, reflecting its rich history and traditions. Similarly, countries around the world possess diverse cultural heritage that requires careful consideration and targeted digitization efforts. The preservation and digitization of indigenous cultures, minority communities, and intangible heritage are shared concerns globally, highlighting the need for inclusive and culturally sensitive approaches to digitization.
Digitization efforts can enhance a country's international visibility and collaboration opportunities. By making digitized cultural heritage accessible online, Azerbaijan can attract global attention, foster cultural exchange, and engage in collaborative projects with institutions and researchers from around the world. This type of international collaboration can contribute to a broader understanding and appreciation of Azerbaijan's cultural heritage.¹⁴⁰
Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have significantly impacted the digitization of cultural heritage worldwide. AI technologies, such as automated image recognition and transcription, can streamline the digitization process and improve the efficiency of metadata creation and content analysis. Azerbaijan can leverage these advancements to enhance its digitization efforts and improve access to and discovery of digitized cultural assets.¹⁴¹
While there are shared experiences and challenges in digitizing cultural heritage globally, each country's specific context and priorities shape the approach and outcomes of their efforts. By learning from the experiences of other countries and leveraging available resources, Azerbaijan can further advance its digitization initiatives and contribute to the global discourse on cultural heritage preservation and access.¹⁴²
In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on involving the public in digitization efforts. Many countries have implemented crowd-sourcing initiatives, inviting individuals to contribute to the digitization process through transcription, tagging, and metadata creation. Azerbaijan can explore such public engagement strategies to involve citizens in preserving and digitizing cultural heritage.
Preserving intangible cultural heritage, such as traditional music, dance, rituals, and oral traditions, through digitization is a global concern. Countries worldwide have been employing digital technologies to document and transmit intangible cultural heritage. Azerbaijan, with its rich intangible heritage, can contribute to global efforts by digitizing and promoting its unique traditions and practices.¹⁴³
The development of digital collaboration platforms has facilitated global cooperation and knowledge exchange in the field of cultural heritage. Countries have created online platforms and networks where institutions and professionals can share resources, research, and best practices. Azerbaijan can actively participate in such platforms to contribute its expertise and benefit from shared knowledge.
The management and curation of digitized cultural heritage data pose challenges globally. Establishing sustainable data management practices, including long-term preservation, metadata standards, and interoperability, is crucial. Azerbaijan can learn from international experiences to develop robust data management strategies, ensuring the longevity and accessibility of its digital cultural heritage.¹⁴⁴
Open access policies and Creative Commons licensing have gained traction in the digitization of cultural heritage. Countries have embraced open access principles to make digitized materials freely available for research, education, and public use. Azerbaijan can consider adopting open access policies and licensing frameworks to promote wider access to its digitized cultural heritage.¹⁴⁵
Digital repatriation refers to the process of returning digitized cultural heritage materials to their source communities. This approach recognizes the importance of indigenous knowledge and community participation in preserving and representing cultural heritage. Azerbaijan can explore collaborative initiatives with source communities to ensure their active involvement and ownership in digitization projects.
Digital storytelling techniques have been employed worldwide to enhance the interpretation and presentation of cultural heritage. Interactive multimedia, narratives, and multimedia platforms are utilized to create engaging and immersive experiences for visitors. Azerbaijan can leverage digital storytelling methods to provide deeper insights and narratives around its cultural heritage.
The digitization of cultural heritage aligns with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to education, cultural preservation, and innovation. Countries worldwide are leveraging digitization as a means to achieve these goals. Azerbaijan can align its digitization efforts with the SDGs to contribute to broader societal and developmental objectives. By examining global experiences and best practices, Azerbaijan can further enhance its digitization efforts and contribute to the global discourse on preserving and promoting cultural heritage. Collaboration, knowledge sharing, and an understanding of diverse approaches to digitization will strengthen Azerbaijan's position in the field of cultural heritage preservation and access.¹⁴⁶
When comparing Azerbaijan's experience with digitization efforts in cultural heritage to other countries in the Caucasus region, there are both similarities and differences to consider:

1. 
   Cultural Diversity and Heritage: Azerbaijan, along with countries like Armenia and Georgia, possesses a rich cultural heritage stemming from diverse ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. Each country in the region has unique traditions, customs, and historical artifacts that require preservation and digitization efforts to safeguard their cultural legacy.¹⁴⁷
   
2. 
   Digitization Initiatives: Countries in the Caucasus region, including Azerbaijan, have launched digitization initiatives to preserve and promote their cultural heritage. These initiatives encompass digitizing manuscripts, artworks, archaeological artifacts, folk songs, dances, and traditional practices. The goal is to make these assets accessible to a wider audience and ensure their long-term preservation.¹⁴⁸
   
3. 
   Technological Advancements: The availability of technology and advancements in digitization techniques are important factors influencing the digitization efforts in the Caucasus region. Similar to Azerbaijan, countries like Armenia and Georgia have embraced technological innovations such as high-resolution imaging, 3D scanning, and virtual reality to enhance the preservation and presentation of cultural heritage.
   
4. 
   Challenges and Priorities: While facing similar challenges to Azerbaijan, each Caucasus country has its own priorities and focus areas when it comes to digitization efforts. For example, Armenia places emphasis on preserving and digitizing its ancient manuscripts, while Georgia highlights the digitization of its diverse folk traditions. Azerbaijan, on the other hand, may prioritize the preservation of cultural heritage related to its specific historical and cultural context.¹⁴⁹
   
5. 
   Collaboration and Regional Networks: Countries in the Caucasus region have established collaborative networks and partnerships to facilitate knowledge exchange and cooperation in digitization initiatives. Regional organizations, research institutions, and cultural centers play a vital role in fostering cooperation and sharing resources to strengthen the digitization efforts across the region.¹⁵⁰
   
6. 
   Intangible Cultural Heritage: Preserving intangible cultural heritage is a shared concern in the Caucasus region. Each country is actively involved in documenting and digitizing intangible heritage, such as traditional music, dance, and oral traditions, to ensure their continuity and wider appreciation. Collaboration in this area can lead to sharing best practices and enhancing cross-cultural understanding.¹⁵¹
   
7. 
   Cultural Tourism Promotion: The Caucasus region, including Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia, is known for its vibrant cultural tourism. Digitization efforts play a significant role in promoting and enhancing cultural tourism experiences. By digitizing cultural heritage assets and providing virtual tours, mobile apps, and online platforms, countries aim to attract tourists and provide them with immersive and educational experiences.
   

While there are similarities in the digitization efforts of countries in the Caucasus region, each country has its own unique cultural heritage and priorities. Sharing experiences, best practices, and resources can further strengthen collaboration and contribute to the preservation and promotion of the diverse cultural heritage of the entire region.
The Caucasus region has witnessed historical conflicts and population displacements that have impacted cultural heritage. Countries like Azerbaijan, and Georgia have undertaken digitization efforts to document and preserve the cultural artifacts and narratives related to these historical events. Digitization serves as a means to ensure the memory and understanding of these conflicts and their impact on cultural heritage.¹⁵²
The Caucasus region is known for its diverse languages and scripts. Azerbaijan, and Georgia each have their distinct linguistic heritage. Digitization efforts in these countries include preserving and digitizing manuscripts, historical documents, and other written materials in various languages and scripts, such as Azerbaijani, Armenian, Georgian, and local dialects.
The Caucasus region is home to indigenous cultures and minority groups with unique cultural practices and traditions. Digitization efforts in Azerbaijan and other countries in the region aim to preserve and promote the cultural heritage of these communities. This includes digitizing traditional crafts, music, dances, and rituals to ensure their continued existence and representation.¹⁵³
Countries in the Caucasus region actively engage in international collaboration and cross-border projects to enhance their digitization efforts. This collaboration may involve sharing resources, expertise, and technology, as well as joint research and exhibitions. By working together, countries in the region can leverage their collective knowledge and resources to advance digitization initiatives.¹⁵⁴
Certain areas within the Caucasus region have been affected by conflicts, resulting in the destruction and endangerment of cultural heritage sites. Efforts are being made to document and digitize the cultural heritage in these conflict zones to preserve the memory and significance of these sites. Digitization serves as a means to safeguard and raise awareness about the importance of cultural heritage in these areas.
Azerbaijan, and Georgia recognize the importance of community engagement and ownership in digitization efforts. Involving local communities, cultural practitioners, and stakeholders ensures that digitization projects accurately represent their cultural heritage. This participatory approach fosters a sense of ownership, empowerment, and sustainability in preserving and promoting cultural heritage.¹⁵⁵
Countries in the Caucasus region face similar challenges in terms of long-term digital archiving and storage of cultural heritage materials. Establishing robust digital preservation systems, data backup, and maintaining accessibility are crucial for the longevity of digitized assets. Collaboration within the region can contribute to developing shared infrastructure and best practices for digital archiving.¹⁵⁶
Capacity building and training initiatives are important for the success of digitization efforts. Countries in the Caucasus region, including Azerbaijan, invest in training programs, workshops, and skill development to build the necessary expertise in digitization techniques, metadata standards, and preservation practices. This ensures that digitization efforts are carried out effectively and sustainably.¹⁵⁷
By comparing and sharing experiences, challenges, and best practices, countries in the Caucasus region can strengthen their digitization efforts, preserve their unique cultural heritage, and contribute to regional and international collaboration in cultural heritage preservation and access.
When comparing Azerbaijan's experience with digitization efforts in cultural heritage to Turkey, there are several points of comparison to consider:
Both Azerbaijan and Turkey possess diverse cultural heritage due to their historical and geographical contexts. Both countries have rich traditions, archaeological sites, manuscripts, artworks, and intangible heritage that require preservation and digitization efforts to safeguard their cultural legacy.¹⁵⁸
Turkey, as a larger country with a longer historical timeline, has a larger and more diverse cultural heritage compared to Azerbaijan. The scale and variety of cultural artifacts and sites in Turkey necessitate a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to digitization.
Both Azerbaijan and Turkey have embraced technological advancements in digitization efforts. High-resolution imaging, 3D scanning, virtual reality, and augmented reality are utilized in both countries to enhance the preservation and presentation of cultural heritage. Both countries benefit from access to advanced technology and expertise in digitization techniques.¹⁵⁹
Turkey has been actively engaged in digitization initiatives, particularly in the preservation of manuscripts, historical documents, archaeological artifacts, and cultural sites. Institutions such as the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, libraries, museums, and universities have launched extensive digitization projects to make cultural heritage accessible online.¹⁶⁰
Turkey actively collaborates with international organizations and cultural institutions to enhance its digitization efforts. Partnerships with organizations like UNESCO and collaborations with foreign museums and research institutions contribute to knowledge exchange, sharing of best practices, and access to funding opportunities.
Preserving intangible cultural heritage is a shared concern for both Azerbaijan and Turkey. Efforts are made to digitize and document traditional music, dances, rituals, and oral traditions to ensure their continuity and wider appreciation. Both countries recognize the importance of digitization in preserving and promoting intangible cultural heritage.
Digitization efforts play a significant role in promoting and enhancing cultural tourism experiences. Virtual tours, mobile applications, and online platforms are utilized to provide immersive and educational experiences to tourists and visitors interested in exploring cultural heritage sites. Both Azerbaijan and Turkey have linguistic and script diversity. Azerbaijan predominantly uses the Latin script, while Turkey uses the Turkish variant of the Latin script. Digitization efforts involve preserving and digitizing manuscripts, historical documents, and other written materials in various languages and scripts, reflecting the linguistic diversity of the countries.¹⁶¹
Both Azerbaijan and Turkey face similar legal and ethical considerations in digitization efforts. Intellectual property rights, copyright laws, and ethical guidelines for handling cultural heritage materials are relevant in both countries. Both countries navigate these complexities to ensure compliance and safeguard the rights and interests of cultural heritage stakeholders.
Both Azerbaijan and Turkey have established digital libraries and archives to aggregate and provide access to digitized cultural heritage materials. These online platforms serve as centralized databases for researchers, scholars, and the public to explore and study digitized artifacts, manuscripts, and historical documents.¹⁶²
While Azerbaijan and Turkey share certain similarities in their digitization efforts, the scale, scope, and specific cultural contexts of each country's heritage result in variations in their digitization initiatives. By sharing experiences and best practices, Azerbaijan and Turkey can learn from each other and contribute to the broader preservation and promotion of cultural heritage in the region.¹⁶³
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CHAPTER 3. PRACTICAL ISSUES IN THE DIGITIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE. INTERNATIONAL AND AZERBAIJANI EXPERIENCE

INTRODUCTION

Cultural heritage is a crucial aspect of a nation's identity, reflecting its history, traditions, and values. The digitization of cultural heritage has become an increasingly important tool in preserving and promoting this heritage, enabling wider access and greater appreciation of cultural artifacts¹⁶⁴. However, the digitization process presents a range of practical challenges, from technical issues to legal and ethical concerns. In this chapter, we explore the role of national policies in protecting digital cultural heritage, drawing on international and Azerbaijani experience. We examine the experiences of the European Union and other countries in digitizing their cultural heritage, and assess the current situation and prospects for digital cultural heritage in Azerbaijan.
The process of transferring physical artifacts, records, and other cultural artefacts into digital format in order to preserve them and make them available to a larger audience is referred to as digitizing cultural heritage¹⁶⁵.