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Promoting Openness and Collaboration
Promoting openness and collaboration is another critical aspect of promoting access to and control over digital cultural heritage⁶². Openness refers to the use of open licenses, open standards, and open access policies to promote access to digital cultural heritage while still enabling creators and owners to benefit from their use. Collaboration refers to the development of partnerships and collaborations between cultural institutions, stakeholders, and communities to facilitate the diffusion of digital cultural heritage and its preservation.
To solve the difficulties of ownership, control, and access to digital cultural property, openness and collaboration should be encouraged.

2.2.3. Role of IP in the Tension between Access and Control

Laws governing intellectual property are extremely important in resolving the conflict between access and control of digital cultural resources. On one hand, IP laws enable creators and owners to protect their works and benefit from their use. This can incentivize the creation and dissemination of cultural artifacts, which can promote cultural diversity and innovation. On the other hand, IP laws can also limit access and use of cultural heritage, particularly for educational and research purposes⁶³.
Using open license and open access regulations is one method to ease this strain. Creatives can share their creations with others while yet maintaining some control over their use thanks to open licenses like Creative Commons licensing. Open access policies enable researchers and educators to access and use digital cultural heritage for non-commercial purposes without requiring permission or payment. These policies can promote access to cultural heritage while still enabling creators and owners to benefit from their use.
Another strategy is to strike a compromise between the public's interest in accessing and using cultural material and the rights of creators and owners. Many countries have developed legal frameworks that enable limited exceptions to copyright laws for educational, research, and public interest purposes. These exceptions can enable the digitization and dissemination of cultural heritage while still providing some protection for creators and owners⁶⁴
The importance of intellectual property (IP) laws in governing the ownership, use, and transmission of cultural artifacts is strongly related to the conflict between access to and control over digital cultural heritage⁶⁵. While IP laws, particularly copyright laws, play a crucial role in enabling creators and owners to protect their works and benefit from their use, they can also limit access to cultural heritage, particularly for educational and research purposes⁶⁶. In this section, we will explore the role of IP in the tension between access and control over digital cultural heritage.
Juggling the public interest with the rights of creators and owners
Balancing the rights of creators and owners with the public interest in accessing and using cultural content is one of the key difficulties in the conflict between access and control over digital cultural heritage. The development and transmission of cultural artifacts must be encouraged, and access to such items must be permitted for the public good.
Creators and owners are given exclusive rights over their creations, including digital cultural assets, under copyright rules. However, these exclusive rights can also limit access to cultural heritage, particularly for educational and research purposes.
To address this tension, many countries have developed legal frameworks that enable exceptions to copyright laws for certain purposes, such as education, research, and public interest. These exceptions can enable the digitization and dissemination of cultural heritage while still providing some protection for creators and owners⁶⁷.
Open Licensing and Open Access Policies
Another approach to addressing the tension between access and control over digital cultural heritage is through the use of open licensing and open access policies. Open licenses, like Creative Commons licenses, let authors share their creations while yet reserving some control over how others use them. Open access policies enable researchers and educators to access and use digital cultural heritage for non-commercial purposes without requiring permission or payment.
Open licenses and open access policies can help to promote access to cultural heritage while still enabling creators and owners to benefit from their use. For example, the use of Creative Commons licenses can enable museums, libraries, and other cultural institutions to share their collections with a global audience while still retaining some control over the use and dissemination of their works⁶⁸.