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3.2. International and European experience (EU)

The safeguarding of digital cultural material has gained significant international and European experience in recent years. In order to encourage and assist the digitalization of cultural assets in Europe and beyond, the European Union (EU) has been in the forefront. The EU has developed several policies, initiatives, and programs to protect digital cultural heritage, including:
1. Europeana: Europeana is a digital platform that provides access to millions of digitized cultural heritage objects from across Europe. It was launched by the European Commission in 2008 and has become a leading initiative in the digitization of cultural heritage in Europe. Europeanaworks with cultural institutions, libraries, and archives across Europe to digitize and make available cultural heritage objects in a single online portal¹⁸⁹.
2. Creative Europe: Creative Europe is the EU's funding program for the cultural and creative sectors. It supports the digitization and preservation of cultural heritage through several initiatives, such as the European Heritage Label, which identifies and promotes sites and places that have a significant role in European history and culture.
3. The 21st-century European Cultural Heritage Strategy: The European Union created a framework for policy in 2014 called the European Cultural Heritage Strategy for the 21st Century. The preservation, conservation, and promotion of all forms of cultural heritage in Europe are its primary goals. The strategy places a strong emphasis on the value of access to and digitalization of cultural content as well as the necessity of ensuring the long-term viability and protection of digital cultural assets¹⁹⁰.
4. Digital Single Market Strategy: The EU created a framework for policy in 2015 called the "Digital Single Market Strategy." In Europe, it attempts to establish a unified market for digital products and services. The plan promotes the creation of policies and programs that promote the digitization and access to cultural heritage items and acknowledges the significance of cultural heritage digitization for the cultural and creative industries ¹⁹¹.
Along with these attempts, a number of international organizations have created policies and recommendations for the protection of digital cultural material, including UNESCO and the International Council on Archives (ICA). These rules and recommendations stress the significance of the long-term sustainability and protection of digital cultural material as well as the necessity to strike a balance between public access to cultural heritage and copyright holders' rights. The development of policies and programs that support the digitization, preservation, and accessibility of cultural heritage objects is crucial, as shown by the international and European experience in protecting digital cultural assets. These laws and programs can support cultural understanding, education, and enjoyment while ensuring the long-term viability of digital cultural heritage.
Research Infrastructure for Cultural Heritage Science in Europe (E-RIHS): The purpose of E-RIHS is to support and encourage the application of scientific and technical approaches for the evaluation, management, and protection of cultural assets. It gives access to cutting-edge tools and knowledge for the digitization, examination, and preservation of artifacts of cultural heritage ¹⁹².
Digital Heritage Research Lab: The University of Cyprus and the Cyprus University of Technology collaborated to create the Digital Heritage Research Lab. It focuses on digital heritage research and innovation, including the creation of tools for the digitization, preservation, and analysis of artifacts of cultural heritage ¹⁹³.
The management and preservation of archives and other records, including digital cultural assets, is promoted by the International Council on Archives (ICA), a global organization. The ICA encourages the creation of policies and programs that assist the long-term sustainability of digital cultural assets and offers guidelines and standards for the administration and preservation of digital records ¹⁹⁴.
It brings together researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders from all over the world. Digital preservation, virtual museums, and the use of digital technology to cultural heritage are just a few of the subjects covered during the conference.
The vast worldwide and European expertise in the preservation of digital cultural material is demonstrated by these instances. Organizations are encouraging the protection, administration, and availability to cultural heritage in digital form through policies, projects, and programs, while addressing issues including copyright, funding, and technical standards ¹⁹⁵.
Table 12.EU Policies and Initiatives for the Protection of Digital Cultural Heritage: