When Koguryo ruled East Asia
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90 Ohoe Tomb No. 4 Late 6th century~early 7th century Dawangcun, Ji’an City, Jilin Province ‘Ohoe Tombs’ refers to a group of five tombs situated side by side on the foot of Yushan in Ji’an City. Among them, the Tombs No. 4 and No. 5 are both single chambered structures with lantern ceilings, and their murals share similar themes. The tombs are preserved in a fairly good condition. In the main chamber of the Tomb No. 4 is realized a Taoist mandala. On its four walls are paintings of Four Directional Deities, and the ceiling is filled with depiction of mythical figures, immortals and various ornamental patterns. Especially notable are the background features in the paintings of the Four Directional Deities. They are curvy vine scrolls forming hexagonal shapes, and are unique in the paintings of the same theme in the later tombs of the Pyeongyang region. 22 Gods of the sun and moon _ North side of the ceiling in the main chamber On either side of the tree, the traditional Chinese gods of creation, Fuxi and Nuwa, are transformed into the gods of the sun and moon. Fuxi on the right is holding up the sun disk, which has vivid description of a three-legged crow inside. On the other hand, Nuwa on the left is upholding the moon disk with a toad inside. Both figures have characteristic features of immortals, especially the winged garments. This type of painting of Fuxi and Nuwa are not found in the Pyeongyang region, and only appear in the murals in the Jian area from the late period. Immortals riding on a dragon and a crane _ West side of ceiling in the main chamber This painting shows a couple of immortals among the nine immortals in various appearances painted on the triangular stones supporting the ceiling. In the middle of the painting is a round disk with a toad, which represents the moon. Around it appears constellations and red clouds. The colors appear rich and sophisticated, and the natural poses and rhythmical movement of the immortals are deftly rendered with elegant and flowing lines. 22. Ohoe Tomb No. 4 91 Ⅰ. Representative Mural Paintings Plan and elevation Immortals playing musical instruments _ Second tier of the north ceiling of the main chamber The immortal playing jang-gu (double-headed drum) appears in the center. To its right is another immortal playing geomungo (Korean harp with six strings), and to its left is a flying immortal holding a bowl with miraculous medicine. Surrounding them are red clouds and constellations. The fantastic world of the immortals is well delineated by means of the perfect harmony of fine colors and rhythmical lines. Drawing of an immortal main chamber Red phoenix _ South wall of the main chamber As the entrance of this tomb is located on the east side of the south wall, it was impossible to draw a pair of phoenixes on either side of the entrance. Therefore, only one red phoenix is painted on the west side of the wall. Moreover, this phoenix is the sole example in which the bird is described as soaring upward among many phoenix paintings in the Koguryo murals. Drawing of an immortal on the west wall of the main chamber 22. Ohoe Tomb No. 4 Ⅰ. Representative Mural Paintings 93 92
_ East wall of the main chamber This painting of blue dragon is a most stunning example among a number of paintings of the Four Directional Deities in the Koguryo mural tombs. This painting shows a typical example of dragon in the late period, which has a bent neck, a long and slender body and a winding tail. Additionally, flame-like features and hair are attached on the back of the wings and neck. The background is covered with hexagonal patterns formed of curved honeysuckle vines. Together with flame patterns and lotus decorations, these background features enhance the fantastic atmosphere in the tomb. Gods of agriculture and fire _ East side of ceiling of the main chamber On the left side of the triangular support of the ceiling is depicted a god of agriculture. He has a head of ox, and is wearing a robe with wings and shoes with pointed ends. The god of fire on the right appears to be flying, carrying a kindling in his right hand. The flowing brushstrokes and vivid colors highlight the supernatural atmosphere of the immortal world. Reborn Immortals _ North wall of the main chamber This painting shows an immortal being born from a lotus flower, located inside a vine scroll pattern on the north wall of the main chamber. Thin wings sprout out from the shoulders of the immortal, indicating that he was newly born as a transcendent being. In this icon is integrated the Buddhist idea of 'rebirth from a lotus flower' and the Taoist idea of immortality. It succinctly displays the creative artistic talent of the Koguryo people and their view of afterlife that combined Taoist and Buddhist ideas. 94 Ohoe Tomb No. 5 Second half of 6th century Dawangcun, Ji’an City, Jilin Province The shape of the lantern ceiling in this tomb is slightly different from that of Ohoe Tomb No. 4. Both tombs, however, resemble each other in that the interior walls are densely covered with various motifs in bright colors. The themes such as Taoist immortals, the Directional Deities, mythical figures and intertwined dragons also appear in the Tomb No. 4. The distinct local character and the diversity of the Koguryo culture are manifest in the representation of Fuxi and Nuwa, the creators of mankind in Chinese myths. Furthermore, the tomb is unique in its colorful decorations, in which gold, other precious stones and primary colors are employed. 23 23. Ohoe Tomb No. 5 95 Ⅰ. Representative Mural Paintings Immortals riding on a dragon and a girin _ Northwest corner in the main chamber Interestingly, the figures riding on dragon is wearing a king's headdress. Similar immortal also appears in Sasinchong in Tonggu. Some think that this figure may be the emperor of the heaven. An immortal riding on qilin behind him is facing backward. The bold brushstrokes and bright colors make the painting appear even more dramatic. Black warrior _ North wall in the main chamber In this painting of black warrior is captured powerful movement of the vigorously intertwined tortoise and the snake. In the background appear hexagonal patterns made of curved vine stems. All these features are similar to those in the Ohoe Tomb No. 4. This complicated composition is characteristic of the Four Directional Deities of the late period in the Ji’an region. While such characteristics appear in the painting of black warrior in Sasainchong Tomb in Tonggu, they are not found in the contemporary paintings of the Four Directional Deities of the Pyeongyang region. Gods of the sun and the moon _ Northeast corner wall in the main chamber Fuxi and Nuwa, each holding the sun and the moon disks on their hands, derived from the Chinese myth of the creation of mankind. Here they are transformed into the gods of the sun and the moon respectively. This mythical couple has the bodies of dragons and human faces, and is dressed in winged garments. This type of Fuxi and Nuwa are found only in the Jian region of Koguryo and not in the murals in the Pyeongyang area. Plan and elevation Drawing of ceiling painting in the main chamber Painting on the lanter n ceiling _
In this picture, one can see the structure of the lantern ceiling that consists of two layers of triangular and parallel supports. The lintel is decorated with intertwined dragons. Right above the lintel, another dragon is depicted on the parallel support, sustaining the upper structure with its back. On either side of this dragon are painted mythical figures including Fuxi and Nuwa. Other immortals playing musical instruments are seen on the upper level of the triangular support.
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