®rmly in line to ¯y an early Vostok mission, one which would have not only have
immediately endeared him to the Soviet public, but immortalised him in the history
books. Given the right circumstances, he could even have been selected as the ®rst
person ever to ¯y into space. Had one of America's famed Mercury astronauts died
before ¯ying, there is very little doubt a national outpouring of grief and commem-
oration would have ensued across the United States, yet Grigori Nelyubov died a
lonely death and a broken, forgotten man in a once nondescript grave.
Curiously, however, the gravesite in Zaporozhe no longer contains Nelyubov's
remains. Instead, a few of his belongings are buried there, as well as some earth from
his ®nal resting place located nearly 4,500 miles away. After he died, hit by a train
northwest of Vladivostok in February 1966, Nelyubov's body was initially buried in
that simple grave in Zaporozhe. Some time later his remains were disinterred and
reburied in yet another nondescript grave in Kremovo, a village in the Mikhailovski
District, near Vladivostok. Then, after being formally identi®ed as a cosmonaut in
1986, his grave at Kremovo underwent a more be®tting transformation. A high, black
polished granite stone in which his helmeted image has been engraved now rises above
the fenced-o grave, and the inscription below this reads:
Cosmonaut VVS [Soviet Air Force]
2nd Backup Y. A. Gagarin
Pilot First Class
xviii Authors' preface
Grigori Nelyubov's former grave in Zaporozhe.
Captain Nelyubov
Grigori Grigoryevich
8.4.1934±18.2.1966
The fact of his second grave on the other side of the country remains something of
a mystery, as does the birth date on the Kremovo memorial, which diers from his
ocial birth date of 31 March 1934. On 24 October 2007 the obelisk above the
cleaned-up gravesite in the Kapustyany cemetery was also replaced with a more
be®tting stone. Nelyubov's brother Volodimir was there to place ¯owers by the
new gravestone, as was one of the cosmonaut's school friends, Aris Pecheritsa. On
this stone the birth date is given as 31 March 1934. Such are the many imponderables
associated with determining the facts behind this ®rst cosmonaut group.
On 12 April 1961, a 27-year-old Russian military pilot whose identity to that time
was only known to a few of his friends, family and Air Force colleagues became
the ®rst person to ¯y into space. On that glorious spring day, Senior Lieutenant
Yuri Gagarin (promoted to the rank of major during his mission) also became the
®rst member of the ®rst cosmonaut group to achieve space¯ight. Others from the
detachment, known as Chief Designer Sergei Korolev's ``Little Eagles'', would
one day follow in his path: Gherman Titov, Andrian Nikolayev, Pavel Popovich,
Valery Bykovsky, Vladimir Komarov, Pavel Belyayev, Alexei Leonov, Boris Volynov,
Yevgeny Khrunov and Georgi Shonin. Each would achieve lasting fame as one of
their nation's pioneering cosmonauts.
It was actually some eight years after Gagarin's historic accomplishment that the
®nal member of that ®rst cosmonaut group would ¯y into space, when 34-year-old
research engineer Viktor Gorbatko was launched into orbit as a third crewmember
aboard the Soyuz 7 spacecraft, on 12 October 1969. Much had happened during those
interceding years: four more groups of cosmonauts had been selected; Yuri Gagarin
was tragically killed in a mysterious aircraft accident; Vladimir Komarov had perished
on his second space¯ight when the Soyuz 1 spacecraft he was commanding slammed
into the ground at high speed after a troubled space¯ight; and two Americans named
Neil Armstrong and Edwin ``Buzz'' Aldrin had walked on the surface of the Moon.
Gorbatko was the 12th member of the ®rst cosmonaut team to ¯y into space, but that
group had initially numbered 20. Who were the missing cosmonauts, and why did they
remain unknown candidates on the ground as their colleagues achieved glory and
lasting fame?
With many clues to tantalize them, Western researchers would eventually realize
that other cosmonaut candidates had been selected in that ®rst group. But penetrating
the shroud of secrecy that the Russian space chiefs maintained around their pro-
gramme was an incredibly dicult proposition, ®lled with false leads and misinforma-
tion. Names were hinted at in some memoirs and publications on Soviet space
activities, while the faces of unknown participants were found to have been crudely
airbrushed out of photographs showing members of the ®rst cosmonaut team. One of
these mystery men would prove to be Senior Lieutenant Grigori Nelyubov, sometimes
present but unidenti®ed in photographs accompanying Gagarin and his back-up
Gherman Titov on the bus ride out to the Baikonur launch pad in 1961. Ocially
Authors' preface xix
xx Authors' preface
At top, Nelyubov's newer grave at
Kremovo. Below is the refurbished
gravesite and replacement marker at the
Kapustyany cemetery in Zaporozhe. (Both
photos courtesy Ivan Ivanov from http://
astronaut.ru).
recognized as a cosmonaut many years later, Nelyubov would ®nally be named as a
member of the elite group selected from within that ®rst cosmonaut cadre for
advanced training, a group that space historian and investigator James Oberg came
to call the Sochi Six.
Nelyubov is actually mentioned as a potential cosmonaut candidate in Evgeny
Riabkchikov's 1971 book, Russians in Space, together with Ivan Anikeyev, another
pilot who would join the ®rst group of cosmonauts. One of the photographs in
Riabchikov's book shows chief Soviet rocket designer Sergei Korolev relaxing with
what is described as ``a group of cosmonauts'' in May 1961. Apart from several known
cosmonauts, the photograph also features un¯own cosmonauts who would later be
identi®ed as Nelyubov, Anikeyev and Ra®kov.
Speculation that there had been a number of unknown cosmonauts in the
®rst group gathered considerable strength with the publication of a book by
Georgi Shonin, a ¯own member of that group. His autobiographical book, the title
of which translates to The Very First Ones, was published in 1976, and in it he revealed
that the ®rst cosmonaut group numbered 20 men. He even gave the ®rst names of his
un¯own colleagues: Anatoli, Ivan, Dmitri, Grigori, Mars and three others, all named
Valentin. In order to distinguish the latter three he referred to them as ``Number One'',
``Junior'' and ``Gramps''. The pieces of the puzzle were slowly starting to come
together.
In 1984, an eÂmigre orthopaedicsurgeon named Vladimir Golyakhovsky released
his memoirs in a book published in New York called Russian Doctor. In it he told of a
harrowing night in a Moscow clinic when a young man identi®ed to him as a
cosmonaut trainee was brought to the hospital, literally burned from head to foot
and in a critical condition. He would die soon after. Golyakhovsky's account of that
evening's dramas added considerable credence to lingering rumours of a young
Authors' preface xxi
Gagarin (foreground) travelling
on the transfer bus out to the
launch pad, 12 April 1961.
Seated behind him is his backup
pilot, Gherman Titov. Behind
Gagarin is his second backup
Grigori Nelyubov, while
Andrian Nikolayev is behind
Titov.