Volynov undergoing weightless training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
Cosmonauts had to complete rides on the centrifuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
Kartashov would fail a medical test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
Varlamov injured his neck during an outing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
Belyayev and Nelyubov in a light-hearted moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
The two cosmonauts ®nd the situation hilarious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
The wedding of Bykovsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
104
The wedding of Zaikin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105
Zaikin in training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106
Zaikin at the end of the training session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106
Nelyubov, Titov, Filatyev, Khrunov and Komarov playing ice hockey . . . . . . . . . .
108
Bondarenko, Shonin, Volynov and Komarov in cross-country skiing . . . . . . . . . . .
109
Gagarin in conversation with Sergei Korolev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110
Five of the Vanguard Six undergoing medical check-ups at hospital . . . . . . . . . . . .
114
Gagarin, Titov and Nelyubov in Red Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
115
Nikolayev, Nelyubov and Gagarin at the Chkalovsky air base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
116
Komarov enters the Chamber of Silence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
Popovich in solitary con®nement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
122
Titov does daily exercises in the chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
123
The cosmonauts were monitored during their solitary exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
123
Valentin Bondarenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
127
Dr. Vladimir Golyachovsky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
129
Bondarenko's gravestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
130
Nikolayev, Anikeyev and Ra®kov playing chess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132
A day out in Moscow for Anikeyev, Nikolayev, Bykovsky and Zaikin . . . . . . . . . .
132
The dummy cosmonaut ``Ivan Ivanovich'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
137
The six candidates for the ®rst space¯ight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
140
A pensive Titov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
141
Yuri Gagarin would make history's ®rst manned space¯ight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
142
Kamanin announces Gagarin's selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
143
Back-up Gherman Titov trains for the ®rst Vostok mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
146
Yuri GagarinÐset to make history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
148
Pre-launch lunch at the Baikonur launch site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
The cosmonauts enjoy their lunch before the ¯ight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
Gagarin being suited up for his ¯ight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
152
Nelyubov and Gagarin on the transfer bus to the launch pad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
154
Gagarin at the launch pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
155
Lift-o on 12 April 1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
157
Gagarin's ¯ight monitored on the ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
159
A post marking Gagarin's landing site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
163
Local villagers viewing the landing site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
163
An exultant Gagarin has a phone call from Nikita Khrushchev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
165
Waving to well-wishers after the mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
165
Newspaper headlines proclaimed the space feat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
166
A group photo at the Sochi resort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
172
A second group photo taken at Sochi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
172
Gherman Titov would be the next to ¯y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
173
Titov preparing for his Vostok 2 mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
175
A post-¯ight call from Premier Khrushchev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
178
Figures xxxiii
Nikolayev and Titov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
179
A massive crowd in Berlin to greet Titov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
180
Titov on his post-¯ight tour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
181
The injury to Gagarin's face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
182
Mars Ra®kov with his son . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
184
Ra®kov at the piano. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
184
Ra®kov sits with Popovich in the cosmonaut training centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
185
Astronaut John Glenn and cosmonaut Gherman Titov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
187
An early version of the Spiral spaceplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
191
Titov with Admiral Nikolai Amelko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
192
The ``Heavenly Twins'' Nikolayev and Popovich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
194
Popovich and Nikolayev after their tandem ¯ight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
200
The ®rst four cosmonauts: Gagarin, Nikolayev, Popovich and Titov. . . . . . . . . . . .
202
Nelyubov undertaking acceleration and g-force training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
204
Nelyubov and trainer Titarev seeing the sights of Moscow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
205
Grigori Nelyubov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
206
Anikeyev before his dismissal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
207
The grave of un¯own cosmonaut Filatyev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
211
Test subject Gennady Zavodovski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
213
Alexei Grachev has sensors taped to his body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
215
Test subject Alexei Belokonev during an altitude test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
216
Belokonev inside the pressure chamber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
216
Test subject Mikhailov prepares to enter the pressure chamber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
217
Parachutist Pyotr Dolgov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
219
A Volga gondola on display in Moscow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
220
Belokonov and Mikhailov ``proving'' they did not die in space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
223
Nelyubov airbrushed from history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
224
The same photograph with Nelyubov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
224
Gagarin and Tereshkova in training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
232
Tereshkova prepares for ¯ight instruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
233
The two Vostok cosmonauts undergo medical examinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
235
A group photograph including three of the female candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
236
A group of cosmonauts at Sochi in the autumn of 1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
237
Ponomareva, Solovyova and Tereshkova at the Baikonur launch site . . . . . . . . . . .
237
Training intensi®es for Tereshkova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
238
Tereshkova and Bykovsky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
238
Valery Bykovsky on tour after the tandem ¯ight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
242
Wedding day for Tereshkova and Nikolayev. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
244
Marina Popovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
245
The ®rst 11 Soviet cosmonauts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
247
The ®rst Voskhod crew: Feoktistov, Komarov and Yegorov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
248
A bust is made of Komarov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
249
Belyayev and Leonov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
250
The Voskhod 2 crew in their spacesuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
251
Leonov becomes the ®rst person to ``walk in space'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
252
Belyayev and Leonov after their ¯ight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
254
A second post-¯ight photo of the Voskhod 2 crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
254
Pavel Belyayev in spacesuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
255
Cosmonauts at the grave of Belyayev. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
256
xxxiv Figures
Gagarin and Komarov: pilots assigned to the ®rst Soyuz mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
260
Komarov and Gagarin with EVA trainees Khrunov and Yeliseyev . . . . . . . . . . . . .
261
The Soyuz 1 and 2 crews at Baikonur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
262
The remains of the Soyuz 1 spacecraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
264
Komarov's funeral procession reaches Red Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
265
Valentina Komarova lays ¯owers by her husband's statue in Moscow. . . . . . . . . . .
266
The Popovich family boating with Nikolayev and Gagarin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
268
Gagarin readies himself for his second space¯ight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
269
The ®rst cosmonaut with daughters Lena and Galya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
270
A playful Gagarin with Tereshkova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
271
Fitness training for Gagarin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
272
A MiG UTI jet trainer similar to the one involved in the fatal crash . . . . . . . . . . .
273
Gagarin shortly before he and Seryogin perished in their aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
274
Tereshkova consoles Gagarin's widow Valentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
276
An obelisk marks the crash site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
277
Gagarin with Zhukovsky academy instructor Belotserkovsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
278
Rumours would always surround the death of Yuri Gagarin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
281
Volynov, Yeliseyev, Khrunov and Shatalov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
286
The crews of Soyuz 4 and 5 prior to the joint mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
286
Boris Volynov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
290
Khrunov and Zaikin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
291
Georgi Shonin relaxing at home with his wife and baby son . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
292
Shonin and Volynov in training for the cancelled Voskhod 3 mission . . . . . . . . . . .
293
Kubasov and Shonin would ¯y Soyuz 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
293
The Soyuz 7 crew: Gorbatko, Filipchenko and Volkov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
295
Shatalov and Yeliseyev prior to their Soyuz 8 ¯ight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
296
Shonin in training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
299
Georgi Shonin would only ever make one space¯ight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
299
Zaikin and Gagarin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
301
The long-duration Soyuz 9 mission crew of Sevastyanov and Nikolayev . . . . . . . . .
302
The Soyuz 9 crewmembers doing pre-¯ight medical checks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
303
The original prime crew of Soyuz 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
307
The ill-fated crew of Soyuz 11: Volkov, Dobrovolsky and Patsayev . . . . . . . . . . . .
308
Popovich and Artyukhin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
308
Veteran cosmonaut Pavel Popovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
310
Astronaut Tom Staord being shown some Soyuz exhibits in Moscow . . . . . . . . . .
311
NASA's three-man crew for the ASTP mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
312
Leonov and Kubasov would ¯y the Soyuz 19 craft to an ASTP link-up . . . . . . . . .
313
Lift-o for Soyuz 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
314
Staord, Slayton and Leonov greet each other in orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
315
Alexei Leonov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
316
A mock-up of the LK lunar landing spacecraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
317
Volynov and Zholobov: the crew of Soyuz 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
319
The two spacesuited cosmonauts preparing for Soyuz 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
320
Soyuz 22's Bykovsky and Aksyonov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
324
The Soyuz 23 crew: Gorbatko and Glazkov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
326
Viktor Gorbatko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
328
The ®rst Intercosmos crew: Gubarev and Czech researcher Remek . . . . . . . . . . . . .
332
Bykovsky and JaÈhn prepare for their Soyuz 31 mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
333
Figures xxxv
The back-up Soyuz 37 Intercosmos crew, Bykovsky and Liem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
336
The prime crew for Soyuz 37, Pham Tuan and Viktor Gorbatko . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
337
Cuban pilot LoÂpez FalcoÂn and Yevgeny Khrunov: Soyuz 38 back-up crew . . . . . . .
338
Viktor Gorbatko in Sydney's Powerhouse Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
340
The 11 surviving Group One cosmonauts in the year 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
341
Khrunov and researcher Alex Panchenko in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
342
Mars Ra®kov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
343
A legend of manned space exploration, Gherman Titov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
343
Titov's gravesite in Moscow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
344
Veteran cosmonaut Andrian Nikolayev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
345
Nikolayev's controversial funeral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
346
The ®rst person to ¯y in space: Yuri Gagarin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
347
While the vast majority of photographs came from the personal photo ®les of the
authors, and ownership or permission of others has been acknowledged, it has proved
impossible to correctly identify the source of a number of photographs taken during
the Soviet regime. The authors wish to extend their apologies to those whose work
cannot be properly identi®ed and formally acknowledged in this work.
xxxvi Figures
Abbreviations and acronyms
ARS
American Rocket Society
ASTP
Apollo±Soyuz Test Programme
ATC
Assembly Testing Complex
CapCom
Capsule Communicator
COSPAR
Committee on Space Research
CPSU
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
DM
Descent Module
DOSAAF
Freewill Society for the Army, Aviation and Navy Support
Elint
Electronic intelligence
EN
Everything normal
EVA
Extra-vehicular activity
FAI
FeÂdeÂration AeÂronautique Internationale (International
Aeronautical Federation)
GCTC
Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre
GMK
Chief Medical Commission
GMVK
State Interdepartmental Commission
HAFP
Higher Air Force Pilots aviation school
IAD
Air division
IAP
Interceptor ®ghter regiment; training ®ghter regiment
IBMP
Institute of Biomedical Problems
ICBM
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
IGY
International Geophysical Year
IMBP
Institute for Medical and Biological Problems
IP-1
Izmeritelny Punkt-1 (Tracking Point 1)
KGB
Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty (Committee for
State Security)
KS-4
Korabl-Sputnik4 (Spaceship Satellite 4)
LII
M.M. Gromov Flight Research Institute
LK
Lunniy Korabl (Lunar Spaceship)
MIAN
V.A. Steklov Institute of Mechanics, U.S.S.R. Academy of
Sciences
MOUSE
Minimum Orbital Unmanned Satellite of the Earth
NKVD
Narodny Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del (Soviet Secret Police)
OKB
Opytnoe Konstructorskoi Byuro (Development Design
Bureau)
OM
Orbital Module
RNII
Raketnynauchno-Issledovatelski Institut (Reactive Scienti®c
Research Institute)
RRS
Retrorocket system
RSC
Rocket and Space Corporation (Energia)
SAF
Soviet Air Force (see VVS)
SAS
Space adaptation sickness
TsAGI
Tsentralny Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut (Cental Institude
of Aerohydrodynamics)
TsIAM
Tsentralny Institut Aviatsionnogo Motorosroenya (Central
Institute of Aviation Motors)
TsPK
Tsentr Podgotovka Kosmonavtov (Cosmonaut Training
Centre)
TsVLK
Central Medical Aviation Commission
TsVNIAG
Central Aviation Institute of Medicine
VMF
Voyenno Morskoy Flot (Soviet Navy)
VNA
Vietnamese News Agency
VPB
Ventricular premature beat
VVS
Soviet Air Force
xxxviii Abbreviations and acronyms
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