Swedish international development cooperation agency
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32 SupportINg the DevelopmeNt of INStItutIoNS – formAl AND INformAl ruleS – utv WorkINg pAper 2005:3 ‘the use of law by private parties… that can be established over much shorter periods’. 69 Informal rules are often perceived to take longer to change than formal rules, but this is not always the case. Kaspar and Streit agree that change within a hierarchy of rules is easier. They consider informal rules to emerge and change through a decentralised process, but still taking place within cultural values and higher-level – so-called meta rules. Meta rules keep the evolution of rules on a continuous path and so make it reasonably predictable. Certain meta rules, as well as common meta rules within a society, facili- tate the emergence of informal rules and may foster a more flexible, adaptive and learning society. Toler- ance of experimentation, the use of humour as a means of easing conflicts, the rule that arguments should be depersonalised and, in particular, commitment to free speech and expression of one’s ideas are considered important. 0 69 Omar Azfar (2002), p. 2 0 Kaspar & Streit (1998), pp. 140–141, 390–394 SupportINg the DevelopmeNt of INStItutIoNS – formAl AND INformAl ruleS – utv WorkINg pAper 2005:3
The crucial importance of institutions for the performance and development of societies lies in its shap- ing incentives for behaviour. Institutions thereby influence the actions of individuals and performance of organisations, as reflected in economic, political and social development – or stagnation or even decline. North argues that institutions ‘are the underlying determinant of the long-run performance of econo- mies’.
1 Donors appear to have recognised this and consider the promotion of institutional development important for sustainable development and poverty reduction. The ways that donors support institutional development and processes of change in formal and informal rules, as well as the effects of such support remain, largely unknown, but will be further explored within the present evaluation theme. In principle, donors may influence the creation and change of all kinds of institutions at all levels, at any stage in the process and through any actors. Donor support for institutional development and processes of change may directly aim at such change, for instance through support for capacity development and reform programmes, or less directly – or even bring it about ‘by accident’. The effects of support will be of different kinds. Apart from the intended effects there may be unintended effects. This means that donors may influence institutional change or delay or prevent such change from taking place whatever their intentions. 1 North (1990), p. 107 34 SupportINg the DevelopmeNt of INStItutIoNS – formAl AND INformAl ruleS – utv WorkINg pAper 2005:3 References Azfar, Omar (2000): The NIE Approach to Economic Development: An Analytic Primer, The IRIS Center, Univer- sity of Maryland. Introductory Session on NIE. Alston, Lee J. (1996): ‘Empirical Work in Institutional Economics: An Overview’, in Alston et al. (1996), pp. 25 –30.
Alston, Lee J.; Eggertsson, Thráinn and North, Douglass C. (1996): Empirical Studies in Institutional Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. Andersson, Philip W.; Arrow, Kenneth J. and Pines, David (eds.) (1988): The Economy as an Evolving Complex
Arthur, W. Brian (1988): ‘Self-Reinforcing Mechanisms in Economics’, in Anderson, Arrow and Pines (eds.) The Economy as an Evolving Complex System, Addison Wesley. (1988), pp. 9–31. Bush, Paul D. (1988): The Theory of Institutional Change’, in Tool (1988), pp. 125–166. Chabal, Patrick (2003): ‘Demokratins frukter har inte kunnat skördas’, Axess, Vol. 2, No 1, pp. 18–21. Chabal, Patrick and Daloz, Jean-Pascal (1999): Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, The Interna- tional African Institute in association with James Currey and Indiana University Press, Oxford and Bloomington, Indiana. Drobak, John N. and Nye, John V. C. (eds.) (1997): The Frontier of the New Institutional Economics, Academic Press, San Diego. Eggertsson, Thráinn (1990): Economic Behaviour and Institutions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. Ensminger, Jean (1997): ‘Changing Property Rights: Reconciling Formal and Informal Rights to Land in Africa’, in Drobak and Nye (1997), pp. 165–196. Eriksson Skoog, Gun (2000): The Soft Budget Constraint – The Emergence, Persistence and Logic of an Institution, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht and London. Eriksson Skoog, Gun (2002): ‘Promoting Effective Institutional Development: Initial Orientation of Sida Support’, unpublished mimeo, Department for Evaluation and Internal Audit, Sida, Stockholm, 23 September. Etzioni, Amitai (1988): The Moral Dimension: Towards a New Economics, The Free Press (Macmillan), New York and London. Gustafsson, Lennart (2004): Kapacitetsutveckling genom stärkande av organisationssystem och organisationer, Capac- ity Development Working Paper No. 16, Methods Development Division, Sida, Stockholm. Hargreaves Heap, Shaun (1989): Rationality in Economics, Basil Blackwell, Oxford and New York. Heiner, Ronald A. (1983): ‘The Origin of Predictable Behavior’, American Economic Review, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 560–595. Hydén, Göran (1980): Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. SupportINg the DevelopmeNt of INStItutIoNS – formAl AND INformAl ruleS – utv WorkINg pAper 2005:3
Kasper, Wolfgang and Streit, Manfred E. (1998): Institutional Economics: Social Order and Public Policy, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham and Northampton, Massachusetts. Knight, Jack and Sened, Itai (eds.) (1995): Explaining Social Institutions, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor Knudsen, Christian (1993): ‘Modelling Rationality, Institutions and Processes in Economic Theory’, in
Kornai, János (1979): ‘Resource-Constrained versus Demand-Constrained Systems’, Econometrica, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 801–819. Kornai, János (1992): The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Langlois, Richard N. (ed.) (1986a): Economics as a Process: Essays in the New Institutional Economics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. Langlois, Richard N. (1986b): ‘Rationality, Institutions and Explanation’, in Langlois (1996a), pp. 225–255. Langlois, Richard N. (1986c): ‘The New Institutional Economics: An Introductory Essay’, in Langlois (1996a), pp. 1–25. Mäki, Uskali; Gustafsson, Bo and Knudsen, Christian (eds.) (1993): Rationality, Institutions and Economic Methodology, Routledge, London and New York. Menger, Carl (1963): Problems of Economics and Sociology, Trans. Francis J. Nock, Ed. Louis Schneider, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, First Published in 1883. Neale, Walter C. (1988): ‘Institutions’, in Tool (1988), pp. 227–256. North, Douglass C. (1990): Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. North, Douglass C. (1993): North, Douglass C. (1995): ‘Five Propositions about Institutional Change’, in Knight and Sened (1995), pp. 15–26. North, Douglass C. (1997): ‘Understanding Economic Change,’ in Transforming Post-Communist Politi- cal Economies, Joan M. Nelson, Charles Tilly and Lee Walker, eds., Washington D. C.: National Academy Press, pp. 13–18. North, Douglass C. and Thomas, Robert P. (1973): The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. Ostrom, Elinor (1990): Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ostrom, Elinor (1999): ‘Institutional Rational Choice: An Assessment of the Institutional and Analysis and Development Framework’, in Sabatier (1999), pp. 35–71. Ostrom, Elinor; Gibson, Clark; Shivakumar, Sujai and Andersson, Krister (2002): Aid, Incentives, and Sus- tainability: An Institutional Analysis of Development Cooperation, Main Report, Sida Studies in Evaluation 02 /01, Sida, Stockholm. Sabatier, Paul A. (ed.): Theories of the Policy Process, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. Schotter, Andrew (1986): ‘The Evolution of Rules’, in Langlois (1986a), pp. 117–133. 3 SupportINg the DevelopmeNt of INStItutIoNS – formAl AND INformAl ruleS – utv WorkINg pAper 2005:3 Sida (2000): Sida’s Policy for Capacity Development as a Strategic Question in Development Cooperation, Methods Development Unit, Stockholm. Sida (2002): Perspectives on Poverty, Stockholm. Sida (2004): Sida’s Evaluation Plan 2004, Department for Evaluation and Internal Audit, Stockholm. Sida (2005): Sida at Work – A Guide to Principles, Procedures and Working Methods, Stockholm. Simon, Herbert A. (1982a): Models of Bounded Rationality: Volume 2: Behavioral Economics and Business Organiza- tion, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London. Simon, Herbert A. (1982b): ’The Role of Expectations in an Adaptive or Behavioristic Model’, in Simon (1982a), pp. 380–399. Swedish Government (2003): ‘Gemensamt ansvar: Sveriges politik för global utveckling’, Government Bill no. 2002/03:122, p. 58, Stockholm. Tool, Marc R. (ed.) (1988): Evolutionary Economics: Volume 1: Foundations of Institutional Thought, M.F. Sharpe, Armonk, New York and London. Vanberg, Viktor J. (1993): ‘Rational Choice, Rule-Following and Institutions: An Evolutionary Perspec- tive’, in Mäki et al. (1993), pp. 171–200. Vanberg, Viktor J. (1994): Rules and Choice in Economics, Routledge, London and New York. Vaughan, Sarah and Tronvoll, Kjetil (2003): The Culture of Power in Contemporary Ethiopian Political Life, Sida Studies No. 10, Sida, Stockholm. Winiecki, Jan (1990): ‘Why Economic Reforms Fail in the Soviet System – A Property-Rights Based Approach’. Economic Inquiry Vol. 28, No 2, pp 195 – 221. World Bank (2002): Building Institutions for Markets, World Development Report 2002, Washington, D.C.
SupportINg the DevelopmeNt of INStItutIoNS – formAl AND INformAl ruleS – utv WorkINg pAper 2005:3
2001:2
Incentives for ownership
true Schedvin, gun eriksson Skoog 2001:3 Contracted-financed technical Assistance (ktS)
true Schedvin 2001:4 the Quality of Counterpart reports: an assessment of quarterly and annual reports from four bilateral programmes in tanzania 1997–1999
göran Schill 2001:5 evaluating external Assistance to the Western Balkans – with Special emphasis on Bosnia and herzegovina: A preparatory study
Bo Sedin 2002:1 mainstreaming gender equality: Sida’s support for promotion of gender equality in partner countries: Inception report
Britha mikkelsen, team leader, ted freeman, Bonnie keller, et allis 2002:2 Approach to private Sector Development in the eeoA programme, Zambia
Stephen goss, roger Blech, guy Scott, Christopher mufwambi 2004:1 evaluation of Integrated Area programmes in Bosnia-herzegovina – a report from an evaluation Workshop
Joakim molander, maria elena Wulff, e. Anders eriksson, Jonas Bergström, katica hajrulahovic, tale kvalvaag 2004:2
Integrating gender equality into Development Co-operation – Drawing lessons from the recent evaluations by Sida and the european Commission: Joint Seminar, Brussels, November 2003 mary Braithwaite, Britha mikkelsen, et allis 2004:3 Development of Swedish general Budget Support 1990–2003 lorena Acevedo Nares, martin Christensen 2004:4
effects of Budget Support – A Discussion of early evidences
maria Nilsson 2005:1 the Impact of Aid for reconstruction of homes in Bosnia and herzegovina
Dragan Bagić, Dejan Dedić 2005:2 Značaj pomoći. Sociološko istraživanje životnih uvjeta i stavova prema obnovi u Bosne i Hercegovine
Dragan Bagić, Dejan Dedić SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY S-105 25 Stockholm, Sweden Tel: +46 (0)8-698 50 00. Fax: +46 (0)8-20 88 64 E-mail: sida@sida.se Homepage: http://www.sida.se Yüklə 267,75 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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