Pembelajaran multikultural fisika di smu

Introduction 
Doing computation, whether manually or mentally, is a basic component in 
the process of learning mathematics. Similarly, students need to learn the basic 
operations in mathematics such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and 
division, before proceeding to more complicated computational tasks. Westcott 
and Smith (1968) mentioned that understanding of upper-level concepts relies on 
the mastery of earlier concepts. Moreover, teachers, parents, tutors, and students 
themselves have a tendency to search for a technique or method that can be used 
to more easily teach or learn basic mathematical skills – ideally, to lead to 
mastery. There are plenty of methods and tools that can be utilized to teach speedy 
and accurate computation; one of which is by using the abacus – an ancient 

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IJIET
Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2018 
48 
calculating device used primarily in Asian culture for performing arithmetic 
processes (Gera and Kaur, 2014).
Motivated by the situation encountered in teaching secondary school 
mathematics to Grade Seven students, the researchers noticed that the students 
have not yet mastered nor do they have automaticity in performing simple 
addition and multiplication. This prompted them to observe the elementary-level 
mathematics classes, especially in Grade Three, where multiplication is taught and 
applied in their lessons. Even some of the students were still using their fingers to 
do simple addition; they were not yet 
mature
in terms of basic mathematics skill.
As an abacus teacher, one of the researchers believes that the abacus is one 
of the tools that can help hone students’ basic mathematics skills such as addition 
and multiplication. The abacus not only increases the ability of children in 
performing mathematics calculations, but also develops memory effectively (Gera 
and Kaur, 2014). The researchers wanted to observe and see how far abacus 
training can help students to be accurate and speedy in performing addition and 
multiplication. 
In the education setting, Miller and Stigler (1991) espoused the idea that 
people who have consistently used and mastered the abacus are capable of 
extremely rapid and accurate mental calculations, with children being able to 
perform mental calculations by moving the beads in their 
mental abacus
(i.e. 
image of an abacus as imagined by the solver) as they would do on a real one. The 
abacus is merely a tool; through intensive practice, children are able to imagine 
and internalize the image of the abacus in their mind, and later on perform mental 
calculations (“Abacus and its History”, 2007). The statement of problem is “Does 
the abacus method significantly affect student performance in addition and 
multiplication?” 
The present study is primarily anchored on several theories and ideas that 
shape its theoretical framework.
 
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 
(Woolfolk, 2004) espouses four stages of development wherein the preoperational 
and concrete operational stages have a significant role in abacus training. The 
former entails the ability of children to relate objects and symbols, whereas the 
latter deals with children’s ability to think logically and reversely. In terms of 
Figure 1. The Soroban (Gilmore, 1997) 
p.9) 

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IJIET
Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2018 
49 
abacus training, the preoperational stage familiarizes children with the beads of 
the abacus and how they represent actual amounts and numbers, paving the way 
for numerals to be coded in their memory as a certain number of beads. 
Meanwhile, when children progress to the concrete operational stage, 
development of the mental abacus leading towards mental arithmetic takes place 
(imagination of abacus). 
In addition, Vygotsky’s Social Constructivist Theory (Woolfolk, 2004) 
mentions cultural tools as a means of learning for children. Stigler (1984; 1986) 
supports this with several mentions of abacus training being heavily supported in 
East Asian communities; together with the early exposure, consistent practice, and 
high regard for mathematics learning, children are culturally encouraged to do 
mathematical computations quickly and accurately at an early age. This idea was 
supported by several East Asian wes (Wang, et al, 2015; Amaiwa, 2001; Hayashi, 
2000). All the aforementioned bind the study, serving as its foundation in the 
rationale that abacus training, under optimal conditions (i.e. early exposure, long-
term consistent practice, etc.), can yield good computational skills: fast and 
accurate answers.