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EFFECTS OF USING THE JAPANESE ABACUS METHOD UPON THE ADDITION
AND MULTIPLICATION PERFORMANCE OF GRADE 3 INDONESIAN STUDENTS
Article
· February 2018
DOI: 10.24071/ijiet.2018.020106
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Ateneo de Manila University
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IJIET
, e-ISSN 2548-8430, p-ISSN 2548-8422, Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2018 
 
International Journal of Indonesian Education and Teaching 
http://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/IJIET 
Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 
47 
 
EFFECTS OF USING THE JAPANESE ABACUS METHOD
UPON THE ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION PERFORMANCE
OF GRADE 3 INDONESIAN STUDENTS 
Juliana & Lester C. Hao 
Tarakanita Institute, Yogyakarta, Indonesia & Chiang Kai Shek College, Manila 
[e-mail] & [e-mail] 
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24071/ijiet.2018.020106 
received 24 August 2017; revised 2 November 2017; accepted 12 December 2017 
 
Abstract 
This quasi-experimental study was conducted to determine the effect on accuracy 
and finish time of using the Japanese abacus method on the addition and 
multiplication performance of thirty Grade 3 pupils in selected schools in 
Indonesia. Fifteen formed the experimental group, were enrolled in abacus 
training classes outside of their respective schools, and were taught personally by 
the researcher through additional abacus treatment for ten meetings. The rest of 
the students formed the control group who do not use the abacus. Both groups 
were given the same pretest and posttest on addition and multiplication based on 
the Indonesian curriculum. Afterwards, students’ scores and finish time were 
analyzed using F-test and Student’s t-test. Results show that there is a significant 
difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of finish time in 
addition, scores in multiplication, and finish time in multiplication. Results also 
show that there is a significant increase in multiplication score in the experimental 
group from pretest to posttest. Student interviews, observations, and analyses of 
sample solutions revealed several errors that were parallel to Stigler’s 
classification.
Keywords: addition and multiplication performance, japanese abacus method, 
mental abacus