Pathology of lung, upper airways and pleura

Pathology of lung, pleura and upper airways

• Assoc. Professor Jan Laco, MD, PhD

Summary

• 1. Atelectasis
• 2. Obstructive lung diseases
• 3. Restrictive lung diseases
• 4. Vascular lung diseases
• 5. Pulmonary infections
• 6. Lung tumors
• 7. Pleural lesions
• 8. Lesions of upper RT

Atelectasis

• = inadequate expansion of airspaces (collapse)
• ventilation - perfusion imbalance – hypoxia
• 1. resorption atelectasis
• obstruction of airway – air resoption
• mucous / mucopurulent plug - bronchial asthma
• foreign body aspiration
• bronchogenic carcinoma, enlarged LN (TBC,…)
• 2. compression atelectasis
• pleural effusions, pneumothorax, ascites

Summary

• 1. Atelectasis
• 2. Obstructive lung diseases
• 3. Restrictive lung diseases
• 4. Vascular lung diseases
• 5. Pulmonary infections
• 6. Lung tumors
• 7. Pleural lesions
• 8. Lesions of upper RT

Obstructive lung diseases

•  resistance due to parcial / complete obstruction at any level
• TLC + FVC normal
• x  expiratory flow rate (FEV1)
• 1. bronchial asthma
• 2. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• 2a. emphysema
• 2b. chronic bronchitis / bronchiolitis
• 3. bronchiectasis
• 4. cystic fibrosis

Bronchial asthma

• = episodic reversible bronchospasm
• basis: tracheobronchial hyperreactivity  chronic inflammation of bronchi
• incidence: 7-10% children + 5% adults
• early onset
• dyspnea, cough, wheezing ~ hours
• expiratory difficulty  lung hyperinflation
• status asthmaticus ~ days  fatal

Bronchial asthma

• 1. extrinsic asthma
• type I hypersensitivity reaction to extrinsic antigens
• most common, familial predisposition
• diet proteins, herbal pollen, animal hair, mites
• 2. intrinsic asthma
• drugs, viral infection