National Outline for Medium and Long Term S&t development Planning (2006-2020)
(16) Distributive energy supply technology
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(16) Distributive energy supply technology Distributive energy supply technology constitutes an important means of providing comprehensive energy services featured with flexibility and energy efficiency. The focus will be on mastering technologies for fossil fuel-based mini gas turbines and energy conversion such as innovative thermal cycle, energy storage, and triple-generation technology, with view to establishing renewable energy based distributive terminal energy supply systems made up of mini gas turbines and fuel cells, supplemented by fossil fuel energy. (17) Fast neutron reactor technology A fast neutron reactor is a nuclear reactor where fission chain reaction is triggered by fast neutrons to realize nuclear fuel breeding. It is capable of full utilization of uranium resource in addition to handling long-life span radioactive wastes. Conduct research on and master fast neutron reactor design and core technologies, nuclear fuel and structural materials, while striving for major technological breakthroughs in sodium cycle, developing a 65MW experimental fast reactor for critical and grid power generation. (18) Contained magnetic fusion technology Taking advantage of participating in research on and construction of the International Thermal-nuclear Experimental Reactor project, focus our research on technologies concerning large superconducting magnets, microwave heating and driving, neutral beam injection heating, blanketing, large real-time tritium isolation and purification, diverters, numerical modeling, plasma control and diagnosis, and key materials for an experimental reactor. Deepen the study of high-temperature plasma physics and exploring non-Tokamak approaches for some energy applications.
More attention will be given to developing comprehensive marine development technology featured with multifunction, multi-parameter, and long lasting operation in order to raise the nation’s comprehensive technological level of deep-sea operations. Research will focus on developing technologies involving natural gas hydrates exploitation, sea-floor metal and mineral resources gathering and transport, on-site extraction, and large marine engineering projects. Frontier technologies: (19) 3-D marine environment monitoring technology 3-D marine environment monitoring is a technology designed for synchronized monitoring of marine environmental elements from space, offshore stations, water surface, and in-water. Research will be focused on remote marine sensing technology, acoustic probe technology, buoy technology, shore-based long-range radar technology, and marine information processing and application technology. (20) Ocean floor-based multi-parameter fast sounding technology Sea-floor based multi-parameter sounding is a technology for synchronized collection of different parameters, including sea-floor geophysics, geochemistry, and biochemicals, capable of transmitting information and data on a real-time basis. Research priority will be on sensor technology, automatic sensor positioning technology, and sea-floor information transmission technology under abnormal environment and conditions. (21) Natural gas hydrates exploitation technology Natural gas hydrate is a carbon nitrate bedded at the deep seafloor or underground. Research will focus on prospecting theory and exploitation technology for such a compound, geophysics and geochemistry based gas hydrate prospecting and assessing technology. Strive for breakthroughs in gas hydrate drilling technology and safe mining technology. (22) Deep-ocean operation technology Deep-ocean operation technology is an under-water process for deep seafloor engineering operation and mining activities. Research focus will be on underwater carrying technology at a large depth, life maintaining system technology, high-power dynamic device technology, high fidelity sample collection and distance information transmission technology, deep-sea operational equipment manufacturing technology, and deep-sea space station technology. 7. Lasers Technology
Basic research constitutes an important source for high-tech development, a cradle for nurturing innovative personnel, a foundation for building an advanced culture, and an inner driving force for the future S&T development through profound understanding of natural phenomena, unveiling natural laws, and acquiring new knowledge, new principles, and new methodology. The development of basic research shall adhere to the principle of combining meeting the national objectives and encouraging free exploration. In addition, basic research activities shall observe the law of scientific development, respect scientists’ exploratory spirit, and pay more attention to the long term value of sciences, with stabilized support, visionary deployment, and dynamic readjustment in line with new trends of scientific development. The Outline has made deployment in four major areas, involving basic and major scientific research activities that are in line with disciplinary development, scientific frontiers, and major national strategic demands.
An overall deployment is made for basic disciplines, taking into account a range of characteristics of basic research activities, including long term efforts for limited breakthroughs, exploratory nature, and difficulties in predicting progress. The deployment is made as such that different disciplines are allowed to cross and infiltrate one another in an effort to bring out new growing points for disciplines. It is expected that long-term and in-depth academic studies and accumulations will eventually lead to improved capability in original innovation and to advancing coordinated multi-discipline based development. (1)Basic disciplines Pay more attention to capacity building in basic theories and disciplines, with a coordinated development of mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth sciences, and biology. (2) Cross and emerging disciplines Encourage interweaving and melting between basic disciplines, between basic disciplines and applied disciplines, and between natural science and social science. Such a combination, more often than not, will lead to the birth of major scientific discoveries and new disciplines. It is one of the most active parts in scientific researche. In this context, it is worth a raised attention and well-thought deployment.
The unity of micro and universal worlds, the combination of Reductionism and Entirety, the interwoven multidisciplinary practice, the infiltration of basic sciences such as mathematics into diverse other areas, and application of advanced technologies and means, all hallmark the major characteristics of modern frontier scientific development. They are conceived with major scientific breakthroughs, which makes people’s knowledge of objective world deeper and better. Frontier scientific issues are selected in line with the following principles: having a spurring role for the development of basic sciences, having a solid foundation, able to make a full display of China’s strength and specialty, and desirable for raising China’s international position in basic sciences. (1)Quantitative study and systematic integration of life process Main research directions: gene language and regulation, model biology, epigenetics, untranslated RNA, life structural function and regulation network, life reconstruction, bioinformatics, computational biology, life characteristics in extreme environment, origin and evolution of life, systematic development, and evolutionary biology. (2)Condensed matters and novel effects Main research directions: strongly correlated systems, soft condensed matters, condensed matters of novel quantum properties, self-similar cooperative growth, Open Complex Giant System (OCGS), Bose-Einstein Condensation, superfluid-superconducting mechanism, structural phase transformation emissions, condensed matters under extreme conditions, electronic structure, and diverse primary excitation processes. (3)Matters’ deep inner structures and physical laws at cosmological scale Main research directions: matter structures and physical laws at micro or universal scale and under extreme conditions, such as high-energy, high-density, super high pressure, and super intense magnetic field, the theory of unifying all physical laws, basic frontier issues of particle physics, substances of dark matter and dark energy, origin and evolution of the universe, formation and evolution of black holes and diverse celestial bodies and structures, impacts of solar activities on earth environment and disasters and associated prediction. (4) Core mathematics and its application in cross disciplines Main research directions: major issues concerning core mathematics, intercrossing between mathematics and other disciplines, and new mathematic problems in scientific research and practical applications such as discrete problems, random problems, quantum problems, and mathematical theories and methodologies in a range of non-linear problems. (5) Earth system process and associated resources, environment, and disaster effects Main research directions: interactions between different earth systems (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, earth crust, mantle and core), in-depth earth drilling, physical, chemical, and biological processes in the earth system and associated resources, environment, and disasters effects, theory of continental and marine origin of mineral reserves, land, sea, air, and space based earth observation and probe systems, earth simulation systems, and earth system theory. (6) Chemical processes in creating and transforming new matters Main research directions: function design, controllable synthesis, preparation and transformation of new specific molecules of defined structures, condensed molecules, and polymeric molecules, environment friendly new chemistry system, formation and transformation of matters at different temporal and spatial scales, relationship between chemical properties, performance, and structures of complex systems such as life process and ecological environment, and associated rules for transformation. (7) Brain and cognitive sciences Main research directions: cellular and molecular mechanism of brain functions, genesis and development mechanism of major brain diseases, relationship between brain development, plasticity and human intelligence, the process of higher cognitive functions, including learning memory and thinking, and associated neuroscience basis, expression of brain information and brain-like information processing system, and dialogue between human brain and computer. (8) Innovation in scientific experiments, observational methods, techniques, and equipment Main research directions: life science related tests, imaging, analysis, and manipulation, featured with dynamic, timing, no-injury, sensitivity, and high definition; new technologies for acquiring matter composition, function, and structure related information, and associated characterizing technology, new observational means and approaches for information acquisition in earth and space research. 3.Basic Research in Response to Major National Strategic Needs A knowledge based society has intense needs for the development of science. The competition for comprehensive national strength appeals to basic research with an ascending tendency. Being a developing nation enjoying fast economic growth make it all the more necessary to stress that basic research must serve to meet the national objectives and help address key and bottleneck issues in future development. In this context, basic research directions are defined according to the following principles: having strategic, overall, and long term importance to the national economic and social development and to the national security; capable of playing a critical role in future development; and able to result in a combination of basic sciences and technology sciences, thus leading the future high tech development. (1) Biological foundations of human health and diseases Priorities will be selected to study the genesis and development process of major diseases, and associated molecular and cellular basis for interference; the role of nervous system, immune system, and endocrine system in health and major diseases; dissemination and mutation of pathogens and associated diseases causing mechanism; drug effects at molecular, cellular, and co-regulating levels; interference of environment in physiological process; and theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. (2) Crop genetic improvement and scientific issues in sustainable agricultural development Priorities shall be given to studying crop genes, functional genomes, and the alike; biodiversity and genetic basis for new species breeding; crop stress resistance and mechanism for efficient utilization of moisture, nutrients, and sunshine; interactions between crops and ecological environment; and agro-biological safety and principles of major crop diseases control. (3) Human activities and their impact on the Earth system Research will be focused on disaster and risk prediction for resources prospecting and development activities; extensive human activities in major river basins and their ecological implications, adaptability, and regional ecological safety; energy cycle of major ecosystems and associated regulation; biodiversity protection models; land use and changes in land cover; regional water demand and ecological equilibrium; genesis of environmental pollution and control principles; and sustainable marine resources utilization and marine ecological environment protection. (4)Global change and regional response Priorities will be given to studying global climate change and its impact on China; large scale hydrological cycle and its response to global change; global change and its impact on regional water resources; interactions between human activities and monsoon systems; sea-land-air interactions and mutation of Asian monsoon systems and associated prediction; carbon cycle process in China’s offshore-land ecosystem; the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and polar regions and their response to global change, and associated climate and environment effects; climate system modeling and associated simulation and prediction; greenhouse effect and associated mechanism; genesis and evolution of aerosols and its impacts on climate change, and associated control. (5) Complex systems, disaster formation, prediction, and control Research will focus on the relationship between micro-mechanisms and macro-phenomena in engineering projects, nature, and socioeconomic complex systems; mechanism and evolution of structure formation, and relationship between structure and system behavior in a complex system; movement of complex systems and associated system mutation and regulation; relativity between behaviors at different scales in a complex system, and new theory and methodology concerning complex systems. (6)Key scientific issues in sustainable energy development Research will be focused on the physical and chemical basis of efficient and clean fossil fuel energy utilization and transformation; high performance thermal energy transformation and key scientific issues in efficient energy storage; scale utilization of renewable energy and associated principles and new approaches; theory of safe, stable, and economic operation of power grids; and scientific basis of large-scale basic nuclear energy technologies and hydrogen technology. (7) New principles and methodologies for materials design and fabrication Priorities will be given to studying the physical and chemical basis of optimizing basic materials; phase change and structure control mechanism; principles of multi-enhanced treatment; physical and chemical properties of new materials; new physical mechanisms, new effects, and new material design, including artificial structures, minimization, and multifunction based integration; new principles and techniques of material manufacturing; new principles of structure and performance characterizing; interactions between material service and the environment and associated performance evolution, failure mechanism, and service life prediction. (8) Scientific basis of manufacturing under extreme environmental conditions Research will focus on deep matters and energy interactions; micro-scale transmission of high-density energy and matters; precision expression and measuring of micro-structural shape; scale effects on manufacturing prototyping, property formation and system integration and associated interfacing science; smooth movement certainty of a complex manufacturing system, and uniqueness of manufacturing subjects. (9) Major mechanical issues in aeronautics and space science Priorities shall be placed on studying the mechanical issues involving supersonic propulsion systems and super high-speed collision; multidimensional propulsion systems and theory of complex movement control; theory of compressible turbulent flows; high temperature thermodynamics; magnetic fluid and plasma dynamics; microfluid and microsystem dynamics; and structural dynamics of new materials. (10) Scientific basis for the development of information technology Priorities will be given to studying new algorithms and basic software theory; mechanisms of virtual computation environment; theory and methods for mass information processing and knowledge mining; interactive theory; network security and credible and controllable information security theory.
Four major scientific research programs are identified and deployed in line with the world S&T development trends and China’s major national strategic needs. These programs are qualified for playing a strong role in S&T development, triggering a rapid improvement of sustainable innovation capacity, and possessing a high-caliber research contingent. Breakthroughs in these directions will noticeably raise the nation’s international competitiveness, advance its sustainable development, and realize leapfrogging development in selected areas. (1) Protein studies Protein is a principal carrier of life activities and an executor of different functions. An in-depth study of protein’s diverse sophisticated structures and functions, interactions and dynamic changes can unveil the nature of life phenomena at molecular, cellular, and biological levels, which constitute the main mission for the post-genome era. In the meantime, protein-related research findings will result in a range of new biotechnological activities, spur up the development of pharmacy, agriculture, and the so-called “green industry”, and lead the future development of bioeconomy. In this context, protein study is an area of life science that sees fierce competition among developed nations. Research will be focused on transcriptomics, proteomics, metabonomics, structural biology, biological functions of proteins and associated interactions, protein-related computational biology and systems biology, methodologies for protein research, and relevant applied basic research. (2) Quantum regulation studies Microelectronics-based information technology will soon reach its limit. Hence, the development of information technology is facing severe challenges: mankind has to find a new way out. In this context, quantum effects-based new information means brings up a new hope, and has become a new competition target among the developed nations. The so-called quantum manipulation explores new quantum information, and develops a range of related sciences, including quantum informatics, correlated electronics, quantum communication, confined small-scale quantum system and artificial photonic crystal. These will constitute a theoretical basis for the future information technology development. As a visionary discipline, quantum technology may produce an inestimable impact on the economic and social development over the next 20 to 30 years. Priorities will be to study carriers of quantum communication and associated manipulation principles and methodologies; quantum computation, charge-spin-phase-trajectory relevancy, and new quantum manipulation methods; new quantum effects of confined small scale quantum system; macro quantum effects of photonic material; and new principles and technical basis for quantum manipulation characterizing and measuring. (3) Nanometer studies Matters at a nanometer scale can produce a bizarre phenomenon or rule, which will eventually change the existing framework of relevant theories, allowing people to have a brand new knowledge of the matter world. This, in turn, will give birth to a new technology revolution, and create huge development space for materials, information, green manufacturing, biology, and medicine. Nanoscience and nanotechnology have become a strategic alternative for raising a nation’s core competitiveness. It is also one of the areas where China expects to realize the leapfrogging ing development. Research will be focused on controllable preparation and self-assembly of nanomaterials and associated functionality; nanomaterial structure, special properties, and manipulation mechanism; principles of nanoprocessing and associated integration; conceptual and principle-demonstrating nanocomponents; nanoelectronics, nanobiology, nanomedicine; optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of molecular aggregates and biomolecules, and associated information transmission; single molecule behavior and associated manipulation; molecular machine design, assembly, and control; characterizing and measuring at a nanoscale; and applications of nanomaterials and nanotechnology in the fields of energy, the environment, information, and medicine. (4) Growth and reproduction studies A range of eye catching scientific accomplishments, including animal cloning and stem cells, has brought about huge opportunities for the future development of life and medical sciences. However, most of these findings remain unready to directly serve humans as a result of lacking a systematic and in-depth knowledge of reproduction and development process and associated mechanisms. China has a high population growth rate and a high birth defect rate. Confronted with a serious shortage of replacement organs, compounded by the coming peak of an aging population, the nation is in dire need of breakthroughs and technological innovation in reproduction and growth-related theories. Research will focus on stem cell breeding, isolation, and manipulation; generation, maturity, and fertilization of reproductive cells; manipulation mechanism for fetus development; somatic dedifferentiation and animal cloning mechanism; degeneration of human reproductive functions and regressive mechanism; and safety and ethics of aided reproduction and stem cells technology.
Since the introduction of the policy of reform and opening up, the nation’s S&T system reform has made important breakthroughs and substantial strides as it has strictly positioned around forging close links with the economy, aimed at strengthening technological innovation and conversion and industrialization of S&T achievements, stressed structural realignment and mechanism shift, and adopted a series of major reformative measures. Nevertheless, one has to be keenly aware that China’s existing S&T system remains inadequate in meeting the needs of the socialist market economy and that of greater economic and S&T development. First, our enterprises are yet to become a principal player in technological innovation as their innovative capability remains weak. Second, the S&T sector is compartmentalized, resulting in dispersion and duplication of efforts and low overall performance level. S&T innovation capability in the public good sector is especially weak. Third, S&T management at the macro level is terribly uncoordinated, with an S&T resources allocation pattern and evaluation system falling short of accommodating the needs for the new S&T development and government mandate shift. Fourth, mechanisms for rewarding outstanding personnel and encouraging innovation and pioneering activities are not yet consummate. These problems have seriously compromised the nation’s innovation capacity building. Guiding thoughts for deepening the S&T system reform are defined as follows: promoting the full-fledged construction of a national innovation system with Chinese characteristics, focusing on S&T resources distribution efficiency and comprehensive integration, and effecting a breakthrough in building an enterprise-centered technological innovation system featuring the integration of industry, academia, and research, so as to greatly advance the construction of a uniquely Chinese national innovation system and drastically enhance the nation’s indigenous innovation capability. At present and over a period of time in the future, the S&T system reform will strive to accomplish the following major missions:
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