Лекция курсы lecture 1 The Problems of the Lecture

Tasks for independent work

1

Recommended Literature

1. Алимухаммедов А. Антик адабиёт тарихи.-Т.: Укитувчи, 1975.

2. Никитина В. Б. и др. Литература древнего востока Издательство Московского университета. 1962.
3. Кун. Легенды и мифы древней Греции. М: 1976


Lecture 3
Problems of the lecture

1.The development of antique epos, lyrics and drama.

2. "The Iliyad" and "Odysseus" by Homer.
3.Hesiod and Eastern didactics.


Study the vocabulary
Antique
Mediterranean
Aegean Sea
Epic poems
Amphitheater

1. 
   The development of antique epos, lyrics and drama.
   

Social-historic origin of ancient lyrics:

a). Archaic lyrics: Lyrics is as ancient as any kind of poetry. It mainly represented social life of people. They couldn’t picture inner world of a person. Songs about labour, wedding, funeral songs and of course religious songs belonged to that period of time.
b). Classical lyrics: Individual lyrics could appear only at the time where there existed an individual poet. The latter may be formed when a living being feels himself as an independent one. This happened after the disintegration of primitive communal system. When the individual became independent, he began to speak about himself, political activity, private-enterprising and phylosophic thinking. He also started talking about his inner world and this led to the appereance of classical lyrics.
c). Lyrics and music: The word “Lyrics” in Greek is understood a high combination of word, music and dancing. When they said this word, they took into consideration not only a poetic text, but also a musical accompaniment with lyre or cither and also dancing.
Classic periods of Greek literature already with the development of slave-owning society. Greece had reached to its blooming to the V. BC. By this time a lot of police - States had already appeared, and all kinds of handicrafts began to develop, the slaves were to do hard works as there were a lot of slaves, and their services were too cheap. It gave people chance to develop their creative work. A lot of wonderful works of art were appeared due to slave’s labour. An individual began to develop in a new social condition. His cultural and social demands began to rise. A citisen of Greek countries began to interest in their city’s life, took part in its management, in its defence and in its trade. The more people developed, the more grew their desire to show their feeling, their wish, love and their suffering.
That’s why in the VII-VI BC began to appear lyrics and in the V c. bloomed drama, tragedy and comedy, where they described contradiction between an individual and society.
In the VI-V c. Athens was at the head of Greek people’s struggle against Persians. The rout of king Kseroks united all Greek people into the Union of Independent Polices, at the head of which stood Athens.
Drama was an important form of Greek literature. Violence, death, humor and comedy were the subjects of Greek plays. The tragedies of Aeschylus and the comedies of Aristophanes were very popular in ancient Greece. Greek plays were performed in open-air theatres (amphitheaters). An amphitheater is a semicircular structure with ascending rows of stone seats set into a hillside. Plays were a part of religious festivals. There were two types of plays, comedies and tragedies. A comedy made fun of human faults. A tragedy was a serious drama that described the struggle of an individual against superior forces.Both comedies and tragedies were accompanied by music and dancing. The audience sat on stone seats without backs. The actors, who wore masks and the chorus were always men. The audience often hissed the performers and performances they disliked. The female poet Sappho composed some of the earliest and finest love poems that were ever written. Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were the great dramatists of Athens.